Author: Marcin Frąckiewicz

Historical Development of Internet Infrastructure and Policies Armenia’s journey to modern internet connectivity began in the 1990s with a single dominant telecom operator. After independence in 1991, the national operator ArmenTel (initially part-owned by Greece’s OTE, later by Russia’s VimpelCom) held a legal monopoly over telephony and internet services. This monopoly, granted in 1998, hindered…
Read more

Angola has made significant strides in expanding internet access over the past decade, yet connectivity remains very uneven between its urban hubs and rural hinterlands. With a population of about 37 million datareportal.com – most of them young and over two-thirds living in cities datareportal.com – Angola’s digital landscape is growing rapidly. As of early…
Read more

Andorra is a tiny mountainous principality that has transformed its connectivity from relying on difficult “mountain signals” to embracing modern high-speed networks. Despite challenging terrain and a historically isolated telecom market, Andorra now boasts comprehensive fiber-optic coverage, robust mobile networks, and even access to cutting-edge satellite internet. This report provides an in-depth look at internet…
Read more

Algeria has seen steady growth in internet usage and infrastructure over the past decade. As of early 2024, the country had about 33.5 million internet users – roughly 72.9% of its population trade.gov. By January 2025, internet penetration reached ~76.9% developingtelecoms.com, indicating that roughly one-quarter of Algerians remain offline. Internet adoption is driven largely by…
Read more

Internet access in Albania has transformed from a luxury to an essential utility over the past two decades. Today, over 83% of Albanians (age 16–74) use the internet regularly, and nearly 96.7% of households have some form of internet access instat.gov.al. This widespread connectivity is underpinned by a mix of fiber-optic fixed broadband, extensive mobile…
Read more