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Category: Fiber-optic

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Internet Access in Yemen: Overview and Key Aspects

Infrastructure and Major Service Providers Yemen’s internet infrastructure is limited and highly centralized. The backbone relies on a few aging international connections and an outdated domestic network. A single subsea cable – the FALCON/FLAG system landing at the Red Sea port of Hodeidah – carries most of Yemen’s bandwidth​ ukraine.wilsoncenter.org​ washingtoninstitute.org. In fact, almost all…
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Internet Access in Iraq

Infrastructure and Major Service Providers Iraq’s internet infrastructure has expanded significantly since the early 2000s, though much of the core network remains under government ownership. The Ministry of Communications (MoC) controls the national fiber-optic backbone and international gateways, leasing bandwidth to private ISPs​ trade.gov. Iraq is connected via terrestrial fiber links to all six neighboring…
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Internet Access in Afghanistan: A Comprehensive Overview

Internet Infrastructure and Major Service Providers Afghanistan’s internet infrastructure is relatively underdeveloped, relying heavily on mobile networks and limited fixed broadband. After 2001, the country had to build its telecom network from scratch, as the previous Taliban regime had effectively banned the internet​ wired.com. In the two decades that followed, mobile telecommunications saw rapid growth –…
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Internet Access in Ukraine: Overview

Internet Infrastructure and Major Providers Ukraine has a well-developed internet infrastructure with extensive fiber-optic networks and numerous providers. Thousands of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) operate in Ukraine, from national telecoms to small local companies. In fact, over 4,200 ISPs were registered as of August 2024​ interfax.com, reflecting a highly competitive market. The largest providers hold relatively small…
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Internet Access in Mozambique

General Infrastructure and Major Service Providers Mozambique’s internet infrastructure is still developing and heavily reliant on mobile networks. Fixed-line broadband penetration is minimal, with the state-owned Telecomunicações de Moçambique (Tmcel) being the only operator offering integrated fixed-line services​ trade.gov. The country is primarily served by three mobile network providers: International connectivity has improved significantly over the past…
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Internet Access in Libya: A Comprehensive Overview

Internet Infrastructure and Major Service Providers Libya’s internet infrastructure is recovering and evolving after years of conflict. Under Muammar Gaddafi’s regime, the telecom sector was entirely state-controlled and private competition was virtually nonexistent​ mondaq.com. The primary telecommunications holding is the Libyan Post, Telecommunication and Information Technology Company (LPTIC), which oversees key state-owned providers​ libyareview.com. Major service…
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Internet Access in Syria

History of Internet Development in Syria Syria was relatively late in opening internet access to the public. An internet connection was established in the country by 1997, but for years Syria was the only connected Middle Eastern country that did not allow general public access hrw.org. In the late 1990s, only government institutions and a few…
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