At Bletchley Park in the 1940s, Alan Turing and colleagues decrypted Enigma messages, providing ULTRA intelligence that aided Allied victory. The United States began launching military communications satellites in the 1960s, and by 1982 the second- and third-generation DSCS satellites offered nuclear-hardened, anti-jamming, high-data-rate links worldwide. In 1976, Diffie–Hellman introduced public-key cryptography, and DES was…
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As of early 2024, about 7.03 million Hondurans were internet users, representing 65.9% of the population. Internet penetration rose from roughly 25–30% in the mid-2010s to about 61% in 2023 and 66% in 2024. There is a sharp urban-rural divide, with about 55% of urban residents online in 2019 versus around 20% of rural residents.…
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The HANTRU-1 cable is 2,917 km long with a 160 Gbps design capacity, extended to Majuro and Kwajalein/Ebeye in 2010, linking to a Pohnpei hub and onward to Guam. A 2017 HANTRU-1 cable fault caused a nationwide 3-week outage, forcing a 97% bandwidth cut as the islands relied on limited satellite links. The East Micronesia…
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As of 2023, Grenada’s internet penetration was about 77–80% of a ~125,000 population, roughly 98,000 online. Mobile subscriptions exceed Grenada’s population at about 107%, reflecting widespread multiple-SIM usage. The market is a duopoly dominated by Flow and Digicel, with Flow accounting for roughly 82% of internet subscriptions/traffic and Digicel about 17%. Digicel launched 4G LTE…
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By the end of 2022, Palestine had about 457,700 fixed landlines in service, up 27% since 2010. By 2022, ADSL broadband subscriptions reached roughly 358,000, up 201% since 2010. By the end of 2022, fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) connected over 51,700 subscribers. All Palestinian international internet traffic runs through Israeli-controlled infrastructure with no independent undersea cables. 3G…
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Eswatini’s population is about 1.25 million in 2025, while mobile subscribers total about 1.6 million, roughly 134% of the population. MTN Eswatini holds about 21% of the mobile market and Eswatini Mobile about 64%, with the remainder served by fixed lines and smaller ISPs. About 99% of people are within 2G range and 95% within…
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As of December 2023, ZICTA reported about 12.6 million internet subscriptions, representing 64.1% penetration. DataReportal’s Digital 2024 estimate puts Zambia at 6.51 million internet users, about 31.2% of the population, due to multiple SIM ownership inflating subscription counts. Over 99% of internet users rely on mobile broadband, while roughly 99,000 fixed-line subscriptions existed nationwide in…
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As of January 2024, about 75.8% of Suriname’s population were online, roughly 474,000 people, with about 24% remaining offline. In August 2024, the Deep Blue One subsea fiber optic system, operated by Digicel’s submarine fiber subsidiary, went live in Paramaribo, delivering 25 Tbps over a 2,250 km route linking French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, and Trinidad…
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As of early 2024, about 9.96 million Tunisians were internet users, roughly 79.6% of the population. In January 2024, Tunisia had 16.73 million active mobile connections, equal to 133.7% of the population. 99.9% of the population is covered by mobile signals, with 4G reaching about 94.9% of inhabitants. Tunisie Telecom’s fiber backbone spans roughly 50,000…
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Iran aims to connect 20 million premises with fiber by the end of 2025 under the National Fiber Optic Plan, but rollout is behind schedule. As of early 2024, Iran had 73.1 million internet users (81.7% penetration) and 146.5 million mobile connections, indicating widespread multi-SIM use. Median download speeds were about 15 Mbps on fixed…
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