Race to Drive on the Moon: Inside the Battle for NASA’s Artemis Lunar Rover Contract

New Moon Rover Race: Space companies are fiercely competing to build NASA’s next lunar rover, a Lunar Terrain Vehicle (LTV), for upcoming Artemis moon missions.
Multi-Billion Dollar Prize: NASA’s LTV Services contract is worth up to $4.6 billion through 2039, promising the winner a decade-long deal supplying rovers for Artemis astronauts ^[1].
Rival Teams: Three industry teams are in the running – Lunar Outpost (with Lockheed Martin, GM, Goodyear, and Leidos/Dynetics), Intuitive Machines (with Boeing, Northrop Grumman, Michelin), and Venturi Astrolab(with Axiom Space, Odyssey Space Research) ^[2].
Artemis Exploration Goals: The unpressurized rovers will transport astronauts in the lunar south pole region starting with Artemis V (planned for 2029) ^[3], greatly extending how far crews can travel to conduct science and collect samples.
Technical Challenges: These “moon buggies” must survive brutal conditions – frigid two-week lunar nights, rocky craters, sharp dust – and operate autonomously when astronauts aren’t around. Each team’s prototype has unique features (from advanced tires to robotic arms) to overcome the lunar terrain.
High Stakes & Beyond: More than a NASA contract, the rover race carries geopolitical and economic weight. Experts say robust lunar mobility is key to a sustained human presence on the Moon and could jump-start a cislunar economy ^[4]. Companies are already signing up commercial customers and planning to use these rovers for other missions – heralding a new era of moon exploration driven by both science and commerce ^[5].

The New Moon Buggy Race for Artemis

Three competing lunar rover prototypes on display at NASA’s Johnson Space Center: (L–R) Venturi Astrolab’s FLEX rover, Intuitive Machines’ Moon RACER, and Lunar Outpost’s Eagle LTV.

NASA is once again in the market for a Moon rover – and this time it’s turning to private industry. Under the Artemis program, which aims to return humans to the Moon and eventually send crewed missions to Mars, NASA issued a call for next-generation lunar vehicles that astronauts can drive on the Moon’s surface. The agency’s Lunar Terrain Vehicle (LTV) will be an unpressurized, “open-top” rover akin to an Apollo-era moon buggy, but far more capable. It must ferry two suited astronauts across the airless, icy desert of the lunar south polar region, dramatically extending their exploration range beyond the lander’s vicinity. “We will use the LTV to travel to locations we might not otherwise be able to reach on foot, increasing our ability to explore and make new scientific discoveries,” explained Jacob Bleacher, NASA’s chief exploration scientist. Between crewed landings, the rover should even drive itself to conduct science remotely – serving as a robotic research platform “year round” on the Moon.

Rather than build a rover in-house, NASA opted for a commercial services model. The Lunar Terrain Vehicle Services (LTVS) contract is an indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity (IDIQ) agreement under which NASA will buy “rover mobility services” as needed, instead of purchasing the vehicle outright ^[6]. In practical terms, the winning company must develop the rover, deliver it to the Moon, and operate it there – essentially selling lunar taxi rides and cargo hauls to NASA. Astronauts will use the rover during Artemis expeditions, and when they’re not on the Moon, the contractor can use the vehicle for other commercial purposes. “Rather than [NASA] launching rovers on our own rockets, the contractor delivers a working rover to the lunar landing site and NASA pays to use the rover when astronauts are there,” notes a NASA contract summary. This approach, inspired by successful partnerships in commercial cargo and crew programs, aims to spur innovation and reduce costs by having companies invest their own funds and retain rights to market the rover’s services.

In April 2024, NASA selected three companies for the initial phase of the LTV contract. Each received about $30 million and a one-year mandate to prove their rover concept meets NASA’s stringent requirements. All three teams delivered preliminary rover prototypes or mockups to NASA’s Johnson Space Center (JSC) and participated in joint testing in late 2024. NASA officials have praised the work so far – “We look forward to the development of the Artemis-generation lunar exploration vehicle to help us advance what we learn at the Moon,” said Vanessa Wyche, director of NASA’s JSC ^[7]. But the real prize lies ahead: NASA will downselect to a single provider for the actual lunar rover mission. After the current studies, the agency plans to request proposals for a demo mission rover that would be delivered to the Moon and test-driven before the Artemis V crew arrives. That uncrewed demo rover – to be awarded to only one team – will need to land on the Moon, drive autonomously, and validate all systems in the harsh lunar environment. If it passes muster, NASA intends to have the chosen rover ready for the Artemis V landing (currently targeting 2029) when astronauts will first put it through its paces ^[8]. Additional rover orders could follow for later Artemis missions through the 2030s. In total, NASA has valued the LTV contract at up to $4.6 billion, covering development, the demo mission, and lunar surface operations through 2039 ^[9].

The stakes couldn’t be higher for the companies involved. Whichever team wins will not only secure a lucrative long-term NASA contract but also the prestige of building the first crewed lunar rover in over 50 years. “If selected by NASA as the final LTV, [our company] would receive a decade-long contract worth an estimated $1.7 billion,” notes Lunar Outpost, one of the competitors. Beyond NASA’s needs, a capable Moon rover could tap emerging commercial opportunities – ferrying payloads for researchers, mining companies, or even space tourism ventures in the coming years. “Surface mobility is a critical capability for humanity’s future in space,” says Lunar Outpost CEO Justin Cyrus, whose firm is vying for the job. “This vehicle will be used to provide mobility to Artemis astronauts and perform critical missions autonomously on the Moon for commercial endeavors.” In short, the winner of this Moon rover race will help drive (quite literally) the next chapter of lunar exploration.

Meet the Contenders: Three Teams, One Goal

NASA’s rover contest has drawn a mix of nimble startups and industry heavyweights. The three finalist teams – Intuitive Machines, Lunar Outpost, and Venturi Astrolab – each bring a unique blend of expertise. All have built full-scale prototypes of their vehicles and tested them on Earth under simulated lunar conditions. Here’s a closer look at who’s competing to put wheels on the Moon.

Intuitive Machines – “Moon RACER” Team

Houston-based Intuitive Machines, known for its lunar lander missions, leads one of the rover efforts with a vehicle dubbed Moon Reusable Autonomous Crewed Exploration Rover (RACER). Intuitive Machines’ strength lies in its experience delivering spacecraft to the Moon: it’s one of NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) providers and has built the Nova-C lunar lander. In fact, Intuitive plans to develop a larger Nova-D cargo lander specifically to carry its rover to the lunar surface. This end-to-end capability – providing both the lander and the rover – aligns well with NASA’s service-based approach. “This procurement strategically aligns with [our] flight-proven capability to deliver payloads to the surface of the Moon,” said Intuitive Machines CEO Steve Altemus, noting that it “further solidifies [our] position as a proven commercial contractor in lunar exploration.” Intuitive’s contract allows the company to retain ownership of the rover and use it commercially whenever NASA astronauts aren’t driving it, a flexibility Altemus lauds as key to building a profitable lunar business.

Intuitive Machines has assembled an impressive “Moon RACER” team of partners. Aerospace giants Boeing and Northrop Grumman are lending engineering muscle, including Northrop’s heritage from the Apollo rover program (Northrop’s predecessor built the original Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicles in the 1970s). Tire-maker Michelin is on board to develop innovative wheels that can handle razor-sharp lunar regolith and extreme temperatures. And automotive engineering firm AVL is contributing expertise in powertrain and mobility systems. Intuitive’s rover design, as shown in concept images, features a compact, open chassis with a roll-cage style frame and four large wire-mesh wheels【37†】. Autonomy and power management are major focus areas – the Moon RACER will carry advanced navigation software and robust communication systems so it can drive itself to scout terrain or transport cargo when astronauts are busy elsewhere. Intuitive has tested components of its rover under lunar-like conditions; notably, it has experience with the pitfalls of lunar landings as well. (One of its Nova-C landers had a hard landing in early 2025 – tipping over upon touchdown – illustrating how unforgiving lunar operations can be.) Despite setbacks, Intuitive Machines remains a frontrunner, leveraging its lander know-how. If it wins, Intuitive would likely use a Nova-D lander launched on a Falcon Heavy or Starship rocket to deliver Moon RACER to the lunar south pole, and then commence remote-controlled trials ahead of Artemis V.

Lunar Outpost – “Lunar Dawn” Rover (Team Lunar Dawn)

Colorado-based Lunar Outpost leads the “Lunar Dawn” team, backed by some familiar names in space and automotive engineering. Lunar Outpost may be a young startup (founded 2017), but it has quickly built a reputation in planetary mobility – it developed a small rover called MAPP that made history in 2025 as the first U.S. commercial rover on the Moon. (Unfortunately, that suitcase-sized MAPP rover never got to roll off its lander due to a landing mishap, highlighting the challenges of lunar missions.) For the Artemis LTV project, Lunar Outpost has partnered with Lockheed Martin as its principal teammate ^[10]. Lockheed brings decades of human spaceflight experience – from building the Orion crew capsule to designing planetary probes – and is lending systems engineering and mission assurance support. Also on the team are General Motors (GM), contributing advanced electric vehicle (EV) battery and drivetrain tech (GM built the original Apollo rover’s motors and wheels, and is now providing its modern Ultium battery system); Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, developing airless tires optimized for lunar regolith (drawing on Goodyear’s Apollo-era tire work); and Canada’s MDA, which is supplying a robotic arm and interface so the rover can manipulate tools and payloads autonomously. It’s a powerhouse consortium – or as CEO Justin Cyrus puts it, “a diverse set of companies [with] proven human and robotic heritage,” coming together to build a reliable, “true off-road vehicle for living and working on the Moon’s surface.”

Lunar Outpost calls its rover “Eagle” – a nod to Apollo 11’s lander – though NASA refers to the system as Lunar Dawn LTV in contract documents. Prototypes of the Eagle rover have already been built and tested in rugged terrain. In August 2025, the company invited reporters to a remote ranch in southern Colorado, where two shiny, metal Eagle test rovers were put through their paces over rocks and steep hills. The vehicle is substantially larger than the Apollo-era lunar buggy – roughly the size of a small pickup truck, with a wide stance for stability. Notably, it sports a roofless, open cockpitdesign so that astronauts in bulky suits can easily climb aboard and have a panoramic view of the terrain ^[11]. Instead of a traditional steering wheel, the Eagle rover is controlled by a squared-off joystick handle, which is easier for a spacesuited astronaut to operate with thick gloves. The cockpit features modular panels and racks inspired by off-road overlanding vehicles – for example, MOLLE panels on the sides allow tools and equipment to be strapped in securely. Lunar Outpost’s team has emphasized durability: their rover is engineered to withstand the Moon’s brutal two-week nights, where temperatures plummet to –280 °F (–173 °C). This novel technology lets it “not only survive, but operate, during the two-week long lunar nights… extending mission life from days to many years,” Lockheed’s Kirk Shireman noted of the design. To achieve this, the Lunar Dawn rover likely uses a combination of high-capacity batteries, thermal insulation, and possibly radioisotope heaters, ensuring critical systems don’t freeze in the dark. The rover also includes a reconfigurable cargo bed in the back – essentially a flatbed that can be outfitted with different payload modules – and the MDA-built robotic arm to load and unload gear or even collect samples. Lunar Outpost has publicly announced that it selected SpaceX’s Starship as its launcher and lander: the entire Eagle rover can fit inside Starship’s cavernous payload bay without needing to fold up ^[12] ^[13]. If Lunar Outpost wins the NASA contract, they plan to fly the rover on a SpaceX Starship to the Moon, possibly even ahead of Artemis V, to perform an uncrewed demo drive. “Having experienced [Starship’s] test flight firsthand, we’re confident [it] will successfully land our Eagle vehicles on the surface of the Moon,” CEO Justin Cyrus said after signing the Starship launch deal. In short, Team Lunar Dawn is betting on a robust, trucklike rover built with off-road DNA and proven space hardware to carry the day.

Venturi Astrolab – “FLEX” Rover Team

The third contender is Venturi Astrolab, a California-based startup that has quickly gained attention with its futuristic FLEX rover (Flexible Logistics and Exploration rover). Astrolab’s approach blurs the line between science fiction and reality – the company has already built a working full-scale prototype of FLEX and has been testing it in desert environments for a few years. In fact, in 2022 Astrolab invited retired Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield to take FLEX for a test drive in Death Valley, California, to gather feedback on its design. The FLEX rover is modular and multi-role by design. Roughly the size of a small SUV, it can carry two astronauts in an open cockpit (standing or seated with support, similar to a convertible jeep) and also haul substantial cargo on its flat platform bed. Astrolab boasts that with a maximum combined rover + cargo mass of over two tons, FLEX will be the largest and most capable rover ever on the Moon. Despite its heft, the vehicle was built to meet NASA’s Artemis requirements for an unpressurized LTV. “It appears to be a little smaller than a standard four-door car, and has a mass of over two tons with a full cargo load,” one report noted, emphasizing that FLEX can be driven by two astronauts or operated remotely. The rover features a robotic arm that can swap out payloads and perform simple construction or maintenance tasks, adding to its versatility ^[14]. “We’ve created a logistics system that can accommodate a wide variety of cargo,” explains Astrolab founder and CEO Jaret Matthews. “We expect that this approach will help establish a permanent lunar outpost on the Moon at a lower cost and in less time than previously envisioned.” This reflects Astrolab’s philosophy of building a general-purpose rover that can serve many needs – from ferrying astronauts and instruments to deploying infrastructure for a future Moon base.

Astrolab’s team includes partners Axiom Space (experts in crew systems and spacesuit interfaces) and Odyssey Space Research (flight software and simulation specialists), both of Houston. As Axiom’s Russell Ralston put it, “We look forward to offering our expertise in the design of vehicle interfaces for both the crew and spacesuits, ensuring astronaut safety and mobility on the surface.” The Venturi Group, co-namesake of Venturi Astrolab, contributes its know-how in electric vehicles, batteries, and even lunar wheel design (Venturi has experience building extreme environment EVs, including a battery-powered rover for Antarctica). In Astrolab’s prototype, one can see some unique design choices: for instance, early images show no traditional seats – astronauts might operate it standing up and leaning against support bars, a bit like riding a Segway or a chariot. This could simplify the design (no need for seat cushions or hinges) and make it easier for astronauts to hop on and off quickly to collect samples, though it will need to be safe and secure at 1/6 g gravity. The FLEX rover also has teleoperation capability – when crew are not present, it can be driven from Earth in real time (with a few-second radio delay) to carry cargo or continue exploration. Astrolab has been especially aggressive in pursuing commercial opportunities alongside the NASA program. The company already signed an agreement with SpaceX to launch a FLEX rover on a Starship mission as early as mid-2026. This would be a fully private mission, making Astrolab’s rover potentially the first of the three to actually reach the Moon. They’ve even announced a manifest of commercial customers – “Venturi Astrolab says it already has $160 million in commercial contracts” for the FLEX rover’s services ^[15]. These include companies like Astroport (developing lunar construction technology), Avalon Space, Argo Space, Interstellar Lab, and LifeShip, which have reserved payload slots to have FLEX deploy their projects on the Moon ^[16]. In Astrolab’s vision, one FLEX rover could serve many clients: transporting ice-mining experiments one week, carrying scientific instruments the next, or even helping set up habitats – an all-purpose lunar truck. This strategy of diversifying use-cases could make Astrolab less dependent on solely NASA’s funding. As Jaret Matthews noted, their team is composed of “incredible individuals with decades of experience in spaceflight, mobility, and planetary robotics”, and they view the NASA LTV contract as a springboard rather than the end goal ^[17]. Astrolab’s FLEX, if it wins, would be poised to become a central workhorse of an emerging lunar economy.

Venturi Astrolab’s full-scale FLEX rover prototype during field trials in the Mojave Desert, crewed by engineers in spacesuit simulators. Astrolab has tested FLEX extensively to refine its design for lunar conditions.

Driving in Darkness and Dust: Challenges of Lunar Mobility

Designing any vehicle for the Moon is a monumental engineering challenge. The Artemis LTVs must operate in an environment unlike anything on Earth – a place with one-sixth Earth’s gravity, no atmosphere, extreme temperatures, and pervasive fine dust. All three competing teams have had to innovate solutions to ensure their rovers can literally weather the lunar storm.

One primary hurdle is the temperature swing and the notorious lunar night. At the Moon’s south pole, sunlight can be fleeting even during the day, as the Sun skims the horizon. When darkness falls, temperatures plunge to –240 °C (–400 °F) in shaded craters and around –173 °C (–280 °F) in open areas. Such cold is deadly to electronics, batteries, and humans alike. The Apollo rovers avoided this by only operating in sunlight for a few days. But Artemis basecamps will face 14-day nights. Therefore, the new rovers must not only survive the cold, but actually keep working through it. Teams are exploring a combination of thermal control strategies: insulated enclosures for critical components, electric heating systems, and possibly radioisotope heater units (small nuclear-powered heat sources). The Lunar Outpost/Lockheed design explicitly touts the ability to operate throughout the two-week night thanks to novel tech. They have likely drawn on Lockheed’s experience with spacecraft thermal systems and possibly fuel cell technology (during Apollo, astronauts left a fuel cell running in the Lunar Module overnight to power heater circuits for the rover). Intuitive Machines and Astrolab likewise advertise advanced power management. Intuitive’s partner Boeing has expertise in fuel cells and cryogenic systems which could be applied. Astrolab’s Venturi connection hints at high-performance batteries – Venturi set electric speed records and developed extreme cold-weather EVs, suggesting FLEX might use cutting-edge battery chemistry combined with smart heating. Handling heat is another issue: sunlit lunar surfaces can exceed 120 °C (250 °F). Rovers need reflective surfaces and radiators to dump excess heat without air cooling. Each design incorporates some form of thermal regulation to maintain an operational range for electronics and humans.

Dust might be the rover’s worst enemy. Lunar regolith is composed of fine, abrasive particles that cling to everything (thanks to electrostatic charge) and can gunk up machinery. Apollo astronauts found moondust wore down seals and clogged joints on their suits and equipment. For a long-term rover, dust mitigation is critical. The teams are addressing this in materials and mechanics – for instance, using sealed motor housings, dust-wiper brushes on moving parts, and choosing bearings and lubricants tested for regolith exposure. The wheel designs are a point of differentiation: Lunar Outpost and Astrolab have both partnered with tire companies (Goodyear and Venturi, respectively) to create airless tiresthat won’t blow out and have geometric treads to shake off dust ^[18]. Intuitive’s rover likely benefits from Michelin’s work on flexible metal/composite wheels (Michelin has developed a lunar wheel that’s a metal mesh structure, which can’t puncture and is tolerant to dust). All rovers avoid using grease (which would trap dust); instead, they use dry lubricants (like molybdenum or graphite) or dust-tolerant joints in suspension and steering.

Another challenge is ensuring mobility on steep, shadowy terrain. The Artemis exploration zones near the lunar south pole are mountainous and ringed by deep craters (some permanently shadowed and harboring ice). Rovers may need to descend into craters or climb regolith mounds. To simulate this, Lunar Outpost actually tested its Eagle rover on slopes up to 20° on Earth. Because of the lower gravity, a 20° incline on the Moon is trickier than on Earth (less weight on wheels means less traction). The prototypes likely feature suspension systems with high articulation to keep all wheels on the ground on uneven terrain, and possibly a way to adjust tire pressure or wheel stiffness. The vehicles are relatively heavy (1–2 tons) which helps press the wheels down for grip, but they must avoid sinking into soft powder. Wide wheels with larger surface area help distribute weight. The ARGOS facility tests at JSC in late 2024 used a crane to offload part of the rover weight to imitate lunar gravity, allowing engineers to see how each vehicle handled with lighter effective weight. Through those tests, the teams have been fine-tuning traction control and drive torque to ensure the rovers won’t slip or stall on slopes.

Navigation and communication present further hurdles. At the Moon’s pole, direct line-of-sight to Earth can be spotty due to the horizon and terrain – the rovers will rely on orbital relay satellites or the future LunaNet communication network. Each rover is being equipped with a high-bandwidth radio and autonomous navigation system so it can avoid hazards on its own. Intuitive’s Moon RACER, for example, will leverage the company’s experience with lunar lander navigation sensors (though one of its landers infamously had a lidar issue) and Northrop’s autonomous driving tech, potentially using LIDAR or cameras to map terrain in 3D. Astrolab’s FLEX already has shown remote driving via cameras in field tests, and they are working on advanced teleoperation interfaces (Odyssey Space Research’s role likely includes developing software that lets operators drive the rover virtually, with assistive hazard detection). Lunar Outpost’s team has Lockheed, which has guided rovers on Mars, and GM, which is experimenting with autonomous off-road vehicles; together they’re likely implementing robust self-driving capabilities. When astronauts are aboard, safety is paramount – so these rovers have to be failsafe. Expect features like automatic braking if an obstacle is detected or if the rover is about to exceed safe tilt angles, and redundant systems for life support (even unpressurized, the rover will carry emergency supplies and comms for the crew).

Lastly, there’s the human factor: astronauts must work effectively with these machines. The designs incorporate lessons from Apollo (where astronauts sometimes struggled with seat belts and controls while in suits). NASA’s astronaut office and the suit contractor (Axiom Space, interestingly also on Astrolab’s team) have been involved in evaluating how crew will ingress/egress the vehicles, how they’ll secure their tools and samples, and even how they’ll handle a contingency (like if a rover breaks down far from the lander). The ground test unit at JSC – a NASA-built rover mockup – has helped in this regard. Engineers in prototype spacesuits rode all three commercial rovers during JSC trials to assess ergonomics. Based on feedback, the companies have tweaked control layouts (for example, Lunar Outpost’s joystick was designed after considering how hard steering wheels can be with pressurized gloves). Astrolab’s use of a standing operation mode might allow easier entry/exit, though it will need to secure the crew during motion. Intuitive’s rover appears to have more traditional seating and may incorporate a roll bar or cage structure to protect occupants.

In sum, building a rover for Artemis means solving a slew of space-age engineering problems at once – thermal extremes, abrasive dust, low gravity, steep craters, intermittent sunlight, and communication delays. Each team has leveraged a different mix of technologies and partners to meet these challenges. By the end of 2025, NASA will decide which solution is most ready to tame the lunar frontier and chauffeur astronauts across the Moon.

Artemis Timeline: Roving Into the Future

The push for lunar rovers is happening in tandem with NASA’s broader Artemis schedule. Artemis is not a single mission but a series of increasingly ambitious expeditions to the Moon. Artemis I (uncrewed) flew in 2022, testing the Orion spacecraft and the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket around the Moon. Artemis II, slated for late 2024, will send astronauts on a loop around the Moon, the first crewed voyage beyond low Earth orbit in half a century. The real lunar surface missions begin with Artemis III, targeted for 2025 (though likely to slip to 2026-27). Artemis III aims to land two astronauts near the lunar south pole – the first human Moon landing since 1972 – using SpaceX’s Starship Human Landing System. That mission will be short (about a week on the surface) and focused on proving we can land and walk in the polar environment. It won’t have a rover yet; astronauts will explore on foot within a limited range.

By Artemis IV (around 2028), NASA plans to have the lunar Gateway space station in orbit and possibly more infrastructure on the surface. Artemis IV may bring additional supplies or even parts of a base. But the game-changer is expected with Artemis V (currently planned for 2029) – this is the mission NASA has explicitly earmarked for the debut of the Lunar Terrain Vehicle ^[19]. Artemis V astronauts are expected to spend longer on the Moon (possibly 2+ weeks) and venture far afield from their landing site, enabled by the new rover. NASA’s plan is that before Artemis V launches, the chosen LTV provider will have already delivered an LTV to the Moon on a prior robotic flight. That means around 2028, a fully functional rover could be landed near the Artemis V site and put through a dress rehearsal – driving to various points of interest, testing remote operations, and confirming all systems (power, navigation, life support interfaces) work as intended under real lunar conditions. When Artemis V’s crew arrives, their rover would be waiting for them, stocked with tools and charged up for excursions.

With a rover in hand, Artemis V astronauts could roam much farther – potentially covering tens of kilometers across multiple sites of scientific interest (compare that to Apollo 17’s record of ~35 km total drive distance; Artemis crews might exceed that in a single sortie). Key targets are likely permanently shadowed craters that contain water ice – vital for science and as a resource for propellant. A rover would let astronauts travel to a crater’s edge and perhaps send the rover (autonomously) into the dark areas to scoop up ice samples, all while the crew remains in sunlight for safety. The LTV will also help carry heavy gear: science instruments, sample containers, and the all-important drills and ground-penetrating radars to study lunar geology. “This vehicle will greatly increase our astronauts’ ability to explore and conduct science on the lunar surface,” said NASA’s Vanessa Wyche ^[20]. Importantly, Artemis rovers aren’t just for joyrides – they effectively serve as mobile science platforms. For instance, NASA is already selecting instruments to mount on the LTV, such as spectrometers to analyze lunar dust or radiation sensors to monitor the environment.

After Artemis V, the Artemis program envisions sustained lunar presence. Artemis VI, VII and beyond (through the 2030s) would continue annual or semiannual missions building up a base camp. The chosen LTV might support all these missions, staying on the Moon for years. NASA plans to issue additional task orders under the LTV contract for multiple rovers if needed – potentially a fleet of vehicles by the late 2030s. The contract runs through 2039, meaning NASA expects to utilize lunar rovers for at least the next 15 years of lunar operations ^[21]. By then, lessons from the unpressurized LTV will feed into the development of pressurized rovers (essentially small lunar campers) that astronauts could live in for multi-day journeys far from base. International partners (like Japan and Europe) are already eyeing pressurized rover designs; Japan’s Toyota is working on a concept with JAXA. But those likely won’t come until Artemis VII or later. For now, the focus is on getting the unpressurized LTV ready to roll by the end of this decade.

Each milestone in the Artemis timeline increases the importance of the LTV. Without it, astronauts would be largely tied to within a couple kilometers of their lander or base. With it, the Artemis Base Camp vision expands – we can imagine astronauts driving tens of kilometers to survey different mineral deposits, deploying large experiments, or even towing other hardware (like a trailer with habitation equipment or an antenna array). As Jacob Bleacher highlighted, mobility is key to year-round science. Even when crews return to Earth, a good rover can be operated remotely to continue exploring. NASA’s hope is that after Artemis V, the LTV will be used in between missions to conduct scientific measurements and scout new sites for future landings. For example, the rover could traverse into a crater, map out the distribution of ice, and park in a safe spot – so that when the next crew comes, they know exactly where to go and what to expect.

In summary, the Artemis schedule sets a brisk pace: pick a rover design by ~2025, test it on the Moon by ~2028, and have it ready for astronauts by 2029. It’s an aggressive timeline, but one that reflects NASA’s urgency to lay the groundwork for permanent lunar operations. The LTV is a central piece of that puzzle – the wheels that will carry Artemis from short flags-and-footprints visits to sustained exploration and perhaps one day to Mars. As NASA’s LTV manager Trisha Montalvo noted (paraphrasing the goals), having a lunar rover “here on Earth allows many teams to test capabilities while also getting hands-on experience, [so] we can be a smart buyer” for the one that will drive on the Moon. The coming year will reveal which team NASA trusts with that historic task.

Beyond the Contract: Implications for Science, Industry, and Geopolitics

The lunar rover competition isn’t just a tech development story – it’s also a sign of the changing landscape of space exploration, with broader implications in science, business, and even international relations. By outsourcing the Artemis rover, NASA is catalyzing a new commercial space sector and perhaps accelerating a 21st-century “Moon rush.”

From a scientific perspective, a capable LTV will supercharge lunar research. The Apollo missions, while transformative, sampled only a tiny area of the Moon. Artemis, with rovers, can explore diverse terrains: ancient crater rims, permanently shadowed ice fields, and unexplored geologic units. Scientists are eager to get rovers into areas like Shackleton crater or the lunar “Peak of Eternal Light” regions – places Apollo couldn’t reach. The LTV could also carry specialized instruments for astronomy (imagine a rover deploying radio telescopes on the far side) or geology (mobile drilling rigs). “With the Artemis crewed missions, and during remote operations when there is not a crew on the surface, we are enabling science and discovery on the Moon year round,” said NASA’s Jacob Bleacher. Continuous access to more of the Moon’s surface will yield discoveries about lunar resources (like water, metals), the history of the solar system recorded in Moon rocks, and even new insights into planetary science (the Moon as an analogue for other worlds).

For the space industry, the Artemis LTV race is a case study in public-private partnership. NASA is effectively seeding the development of capabilities that companies can then turn into businesses. Each team explicitly plans to use their rover beyond the NASA contract: Intuitive Machines envisions leasing its rover for commercial payload deliveries during down-times; Astrolab has lined up private customers for its 2026 mission ^[22]; Lunar Outpost’s rover is designed to support not just NASA but also “infrastructure, resource extraction, and long-range exploration” activities for others. This hints at a new lunar economy taking shape. If a company can reliably move things on the Moon (a sort of lunar trucking service), it lowers the barrier for others to do projects there – be it a tech demo, a mining experiment, or even tourism. We’re seeing early signs of that: for instance, several startups have contracted Astrolab to carry their payloads ^[23], and Lunar Outpost is involved in a NASA-funded project to mine ice with its rovers (the PRIME-1 drill and the upcoming VIPER rover, where LO provides components). The competition has also forced traditional contractors and new players to collaborate in interesting ways – Lockheed Martin teaming with a startup (LO) and an automaker (GM), or Boeing partnering with Intuitive Machines. This cross-pollination could spark innovation well beyond the rover itself, as these companies share knowledge on batteries, autonomy, materials, and more.

Economically, winning the LTV contract could transform a company’s fortunes. Intuitive Machines and Astrolab are both relatively small firms that went public (Intuitive via SPAC, Astrolab possibly eyeing fundraising) to raise capital for their ambitions. Securing a multibillion-dollar NASA deal would not only bring revenue but also investor confidence. Even those who don’t win might pivot their prototypes to other markets – for example, a lunar rover could be adapted into a Mars rover for future commercial Mars missions, or smaller versions could be offered for the many science missions to the Moon that NASA and others have planned (the Moon’s south pole will see landers from the US, India, Japan, Russia, and others in coming years). Lunar Outpost, for one, is already diversifying: it won a contract from the Australian Space Agency to develop a rover for Australia’s first Moon mission. That rover will likely share technology with their Artemis LTV designs. In essence, the Artemis rover race is jump-starting a global supply chain for planetary rovers.

The geopolitical angle is impossible to ignore. We are in a new era of great-power competition in space. The United States, through Artemis and the Artemis Accords (an international agreement framework for Moon exploration), is rallying allies to explore and utilize the Moon together. A capable LTV will be a visible symbol of U.S. technological leadership and commitment to a sustained presence. Meanwhile, China (and Russia as a junior partner) has its own lunar program, including plans for a International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) in the 2030s around the Moon’s south pole. China is developing large lunar rovers too: it has already put robotic rovers on the Moon (the Yutu series) and is rumored to be working on crewed rover concepts for its 2030s missions. The success of Artemis and its commercial rovers could influence which vision of lunar development gains momentum. If U.S. companies can provide reliable lunar transport services, it may encourage more nations to join the Artemis coalition rather than go with China’s ILRS, simply because the infrastructure and opportunities will be more readily available via Artemis. On the flip side, if Artemis falters or its technology lags, international partners might hedge their bets. It’s a soft power contest played out in lunar regolith.

Interestingly, Europe, Japan, and Canada are all contributing to Artemis (e.g. Canada is providing a robotic arm for Gateway, Europe building service modules). Each might get involved in rovers down the line – Canada has expressed interest in an Artemis pressurized rover, for example, and contributed via MDA to the Lunar Outpost team. The competition among U.S. companies now could determine who builds hardware that international astronauts use tomorrow. A Canadian or Japanese astronaut driving a Lockheed/LO rover in 2030 would underscore the international nature of Artemis, but also American industry’s central role.

From a broader perspective, the moon rover race is a bellwether for how space exploration is evolving. If it succeeds, it validates the idea that multiple companies competing can yield better, cheaper solutions for NASA – much as SpaceX’s emergence transformed rocketry. It also demonstrates that relatively small startups (with under 100 employees) can tackle projects once reserved for national programs. This democratization of space tech bodes well for future endeavors (like Mars rovers, lunar habitats, etc.) which may likewise be contracted out. However, if the competition runs into delays or the chosen rover fails on the Moon, it could be a setback, prompting NASA to take a more traditional approach. So far, though, all signs are positive: NASA reported that the December 2024 tests of the three rover prototypes at JSC went well, and more joint tests and design reviews are scheduled through 2025.

One cannot overlook the inspirational aspect too. The image of astronauts cruising across the Moon in a high-tech lunar rover will capture the world’s imagination, just as the Apollo rovers did. Those Apollo “moon buggies” were built in an era of slide rules, yet they remain iconic. Imagine the Artemis version – potentially with modern telemetry, maybe live video feeds of astronauts driving with Earth in the sky. It could become the poster image of a new space age, inspiring STEM students and signaling to the public that we are truly back on the Moon to stay. As Justin Cyrus of Lunar Outpost said, “Surface mobility is critical… we look forward to driving value in the cislunar economy” – a play on words perhaps, but literally, these rovers will drive astronauts, drive exploration, and drive economic activity beyond Earth.

Finally, the rover race underscores the synergy between scientific and commercial objectives. NASA wants a rover to do science; companies want a platform to make money off-world. Both interests meet in the Lunar Terrain Vehicle. If astronauts discover rich ice deposits thanks to an LTV, that’s a science win and a potential resource that companies could later mine to make rocket fuel. If a company figures out how to run a rover for years autonomously, NASA benefits from continuous science and the company can sell that service elsewhere. It’s a virtuous cycle – one that the Artemis LTV program is intentionally designed to kickstart. “When not in use by NASA, the LTV will provide commercial services, contributing to a more accessible and sustainable cislunar economy,” NASA noted in its announcement. The implication is clear: a successful Artemis rover will not only help astronauts explore – it will help humanity establish a foothold on the Moon in a way that’s economically sustainable and internationally inclusive.

As of September 2025, the finish line of this rover competition is fast approaching. Each team is refining its final proposal to NASA, highlighting test results and reliability. NASA is expected to choose the winning LTV provider by late 2025(Lunar Outpost, for instance, has hinted that NASA’s decision could come by mid-November 2025). Whichever team prevails, the era of driving on the Moon is set to begin anew – this time with modern technology and commercial flair. The Moon’s south pole will soon see tire tracks in its dust, tracing humanity’s path toward a permanent lunar presence. And those first tracks will have been laid by the visionary companies who dared to race for the honor of building Artemis’s lunar wheels.

Sources:

NASA – Artemis Lunar Terrain Vehicle program announcements and press releases
SpaceNews/Jeff Foust – “Companies race to win ground transportation contracts for the moon” (September 2025) ^[24]
Colorado Public Radio – coverage of Lunar Outpost rover testing and Artemis contract competition
Design News – “NASA Is on the Road Again with $4.6B Lunar Rover Contract Awards” (April 4 2024) ^[25]
Official company releases: Intuitive Machines (Moon RACER team), Lockheed Martin/Lunar Outpost (Lunar Dawn team) ^[26], Venturi Astrolab (FLEX rover)
Space.com news – Astrolab FLEX rover and Lunar Outpost Starship contract
NASA Johnson Space Center – reports on joint testing of commercial LTV prototypes (Dec 2024) and NASA’s own rover test unit development.