At lightning speed on 24 June 2025, President Donald Trump upended foreign and domestic politics: he jetted into The Hague demanding a historic 5 %‑of‑GDP defense pledge from NATO, proclaimed (and then scolded) a shaky Israel‑Iran cease‑fire hours after ordering U.S. B‑2 strikes on Iranian nuclear sites, and watched Congress shelve an impeachment bid even as lawmakers advanced War‑Powers curbs. Oil…
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Introduction Iran’s nuclear program has evolved from a U.S.-backed research initiative in the 1950s into one of the world’s most contentious proliferation challenges. Over seven decades, Iran has moved from peaceful nuclear cooperation under the Shah to a secretive post-revolution quest that alarmed the world. International negotiations, sanctions, and covert actions have punctuated this saga,…
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