As of mid-2025, commercial N-type TOPCon cells reach about 23–24% efficiency, with best mass-produced TOPCon modules at 23.8% and JinkoSolar reporting 26.4% cell efficiency in tests. Heterojunction (HJT) solar cells regularly reach 25%+ efficiency in production, with Longi reporting a 27.3% lab cell efficiency. Perovskite–silicon tandem cells have surpassed 33% efficiency in labs (Longi 33.9%, KAUST 33.7%), and Oxford PV has a 72-cell tandem module at 24.5%. TOPCon modules typically retain about 87–90% of their power after 25–30 years, with a 3-year desert test showing just 0.14% degradation. HJT modules are generally stable, but a desert field study found HJT
