Madagascar’s Drone Laws Overhauled: 2025 Guide to New Rules, Permits & Penalties

• Recreational drones were effectively banned outdoors under older rules – only indoor use was allowed without a permit ^[1]. Commercial drone flights have been permitted only with special authorization from the aviation authority ^[2]. A new regulatory framework (RAM 10000) taking effect in February 2025 finally opens up legal drone use for both hobbyists and businesses under strict conditions ^[3].
• Mandatory registration and licensing: All drones (except tiny “toy” drones) must now be registered with the Civil Aviation Authority of Madagascar (ACM) and bear an identification marking ^[4]. Drone operators must register as well, complete required training, and pass certification exams – with additional licensing needed for commercial pilots ^{[5] [6]}.
• Strict no-fly zones and airspace limits apply. Drones cannot fly near airports, military bases, or over crowds of people ^[7]. National parks and protected areas are off-limits without special permission from environmental authorities ^[8]. Flights must remain within visual line-of-sight, below safe altitudes, and only occur in daylight and good weather conditions ^[9].
• Importing a drone requires advance clearance: Bringing a drone into Madagascar legally means obtaining an ACM drone permit before arrival ^[10]. Travelers should declare drones at customs (an ATA Carnet is recommended for temporary imports ^[11]). Without prior authorization, drones risk being confiscated by customs on entry ^[12]. (Exporting a drone you brought in is generally permitted, but you may need to show import paperwork to avoid issues on departure.)
• Privacy is a priority: Madagascar’s drone regulations explicitly seek to protect people’s privacy ^[13]. Drone users must avoid unauthorized filming or surveillance of individuals, private properties, and sensitive sites. Using camera drones in ways that invade privacy or capture personal data without consent can lead to legal consequences under privacy and data protection principles. The new rules balance innovation with safeguarding citizens’ privacy rights ^[14].
• Heavy penalties for violations: Flying a drone illegally (without the required permit or in restricted areas) is a serious offense. Violators can face equipment seizure, steep fines, and even criminal prosecution. Malagasy law sets harsh penalties – 5 to 10 years of imprisonment and fines from 1,000,000 to 20,000,000 Ariary – for operating a drone without authorization ^[15]. Lesser infractions (e.g. minor safety violations) can still incur fines or revocation of permits, so full compliance is essential.
• Enforcement and oversight: The Aviation Civile de Madagascar (ACM) is the lead agency regulating drones ^[16]. It oversees registration, licensing, and issuance of flight permits. The ACM coordinates with other bodies – for example, the Ministry of Defense must sign off on flight permits for security reasons under earlier rules ^[17], and the Ministry of Environment handles approvals for flights over parks or wildlife areas ^[18]. Customs officers enforce import/export rules at borders, while police and gendarmes are responsible for on-the-ground enforcement of drone laws (e.g. responding to illegal flights or complaints). In practice, however, Madagascar has historically had limited enforcement capacity, and many laws (including past drone restrictions) went largely unenforced ^[19]. The government’s 2025 regulatory overhaul signals a commitment to ramp up enforcement – drone users should expect closer oversight and are advised not to rely on lax past practices.

Overview of Madagascar’s Drone Regulations (Recent Updates)

Madagascar is undergoing a major shift in its drone laws. Until recently, the country maintained one of the most restrictive stances on recreational drones in the world: personal drone flights were essentially prohibited in public spaces ^[20]. Only commercial operators could apply for permission on a case-by-case basis, and even those permits were difficult to obtain. The Civil Aviation Directorate (now ACM) required extensive paperwork – including approvals from the Ministry of Defense and local authorities for each flight, a detailed flight plan, proof of insurance, and a risk analysis – just to authorize a single drone operation ^{[21] [22]}. In fact, permits were generally not granted to private hobbyists at all, meaning if you weren’t a registered business, you legally could not fly outdoors ^[23]. This blanket restriction led many tourists and local enthusiasts to either leave their drones at home or fly covertly, as entering Madagascar with a drone risked confiscation at customs without a permit ^[24]. Enforcement of the old rules was sporadic – observers noted that Madagascar has “a lot of unenforced laws”, and drones were no exception ^[25]. In practice, some visitors did manage to bring and fly drones (especially in remote areas or with discretion), though they did so at their own risk.

Facing the growing use of unmanned aircraft and their benefits, Madagascar’s authorities have decided to modernize and regulate rather than outright ban. In early 2024, the ACM announced Réglementation Aéronautique de Madagascar 10 000 (RAM 10000) – a comprehensive new drone law designed to bring the country in line with international standards ^[26]. RAM 10000 establishes clear categories of drones and operations, and lays out the requirements for each. Crucially, it distinguishes between recreational and commercial usage and creates a legal pathway for hobbyist drone flights – something that was missing before. The aim is to promote innovation and the growing drone industry (for uses like aerial photography, agriculture, and emergency response) while ensuring public safety and privacy ^[27]. The new rules were adopted in 2024, but enforcement begins in February 2025 to give operators time to comply ^{[28] [29]}. This transition period (through 2024) is meant for drone owners to register and get licensed ahead of the deadline.

Below is an in-depth look at Madagascar’s drone laws as updated, covering everything from who can fly (recreational vs. commercial), to registration and licensing requirements, airspace restrictions, import/export rules, privacy protections, penalties, and enforcement mechanisms. All information reflects the latest available regulations and policies as of 2025, incorporating the changes brought by RAM 10000 and other recent legal updates.

1. Recreational vs. Commercial Drone Usage

Recreational (Personal) Use: Under the old regime, recreational drone use was banned in public. Madagascar’s aviation code (prior to 2025 reforms) stated that no aircraft could be used for leisure or sport in public airspace without a permit, effectively grounding hobby drones ^[30]. The only exception was flying indoors on private property (since that does not enter public airspace) ^[31]. In practical terms, if you were a tourist or local who wanted to fly a drone for fun or photography, you needed to apply for a permit – and such permits were rarely, if ever, approved for casual users. This is why sources plainly noted: “Recreational use of drones allowed? No.” ^[32] Many travelers were warned that bringing a drone could result in it being taken at the border ^[33], as personal drones had no legal way to be used. Some individuals still brought drones and found that authorities often didn’t actively search bags for drones, so a number of people flew recreationally under the radar. However, doing so was technically illegal and carried significant risk. The consensus prior to 2025 was that hobbyists should simply not fly in Madagascar, or only do so with extreme caution (for example, one visitor only flew from a boat far from observers, to avoid attracting attention) – none of which was officially condoned.

Commercial Use: Commercial operations (e.g. drones used for film production, mapping, research, or business purposes) have been allowed but tightly regulated. To fly a drone commercially, an operator had to obtain a permit from the ACM in advance ^[34]. The permit process was exhaustive, requiring the drone operator to submit an application with details of each flight. The application needed the purpose of the flight, the drone’s specifications, a flight plan, and multiple government sign-offs ^[35]. Notably, the Ministry of Defense had to approve, due to security concerns, and local authorities in the area of operation often had to consent as well ^[36]. The operator also needed to show proof of insurance for the drone ^[37] and conduct a risk assessment for the operation. According to one summary of the rules, “permission must be obtained for each flight” ^[38] – there was no blanket license for commercial drone work, meaning even repeat operators had to go through red tape every time. This made commercial drone activities cumbersome, but not impossible. Companies and professionals could hire local fixers or permit service providers to navigate the bureaucracy (in fact, some tour agencies in Madagascar advertise drone permit assistance for filmmakers or surveyors). Still, the high barrier meant only serious, well-funded projects (like scientific research or professional filming) tended to use drones legally.

Changes Under RAM 10000: The new 2025 framework addresses the imbalance by creating a structured distinction between recreational and commercial drone use:

• Recreational pilots will be allowed to fly under specified conditions, once they register and meet basic competency requirements (detailed in the next section). The outright ban on hobby drones is being lifted. However, recreational users will still face strict rules – they cannot just fly anywhere or anyhow; they must follow the operational limits (altitude, no-fly zones, etc.) and likely must pass at least a basic knowledge test. In short, casual drone use is moving from “prohibited” to “regulated.” This is a big shift in policy intended to accommodate tech enthusiasts and travelers, while still maintaining safety.
• Commercial drone operations will continue to be permitted but within a clearer licensing system. Instead of needing separate authorization for every flight, a business or professional may obtain an operator certification or license from ACM that covers their activities (subject to adhering to standard rules and any mission-specific clearances). The new regulations explicitly state that professional operators must obtain the necessary certifications to ensure safe and compliant operations ^[39]. This implies the introduction of a drone pilot license or an operator permit that can be renewed, moving away from the old one-off permit model. Commercial users will have higher requirements (such as more in-depth training, see Section 2) and likely additional obligations like submitting operations manuals, but in return they get a formal framework to operate in.

In summary, recreational use is now being cautiously welcomed within a legal framework, and commercial use is becoming more streamlined (though still tightly controlled). The ACM has emphasized that this approach is meant to “foster innovation and creativity” with drones while maintaining public safety ^[40]. Drones are increasingly recognized for their value in Madagascar – for example, aiding humanitarian efforts, filming the island’s unique landscapes, and even delivering medical supplies in remote areas ^[41]. By 2025, both hobbyists and professionals will have a path to fly legally, as long as they follow the rules set out in RAM 10000 and obtain the proper registrations or licenses.

It’s worth noting that until the new system fully takes effect, any drone use still technically requires permission. The ACM gave 2024 as a transition period, not a free-for-all. So even though the intent is to liberalize recreational flying, drone users should not assume they can fly freely before they’ve completed the required registration/training (outlined next). The legal ban on unpermitted flights is still in place until you comply with the new requirements. As one local news article bluntly reminded readers, “the use of a drone requires authorization from ACM… [flying without one] is punishable” by severe penalties ^[42]. Therefore, whether you’re a tourist with a camera drone or a company operating mapping drones, you must engage with the new regulatory process if you want to fly in 2025 and beyond.

2. Drone Registration and Licensing Requirements

One of the cornerstone changes in Madagascar’s drone law is the introduction of mandatory registration and licensing for drones and their operators. This mirrors what many countries (like those in the EU, US, etc.) have done to integrate drones safely into national airspace. Here’s a breakdown of what the Malagasy regulations require:

• Drone Registration (Identification and Marking): All drones above the exempt “toy” category must be registered with the Aviation Civile de Madagascar (ACM). According to the ACM’s new rules, “all drones must be identified, registered and marked with the ACM” ^[43]. In practice, this means each drone will receive a registration number or ID upon being recorded in the national drone registry. The owner likely has to provide details such as the drone’s make, model, serial number, weight, performance specs, etc., to ACM. Once registered, the drone must be marked with its registration ID (usually this involves affixing a label or engraving the number on the drone). This requirement is aimed at accountability – if a drone is found or involved in an incident, authorities can trace it back to the owner/operator via the registration number. Notably, the ACM attempted to roll out an online registration portal for drones; however, early reports indicated the official site was not yet operational and that a provisional email-based process was being used ^[44]. Applicants have to send in forms and documents (like photos of the drone with its serial number visible, proof of purchase, etc.) electronically. This has proved somewhat challenging in Madagascar due to uneven internet access ^[45], but it underscores that registration is now a formal legal obligation.
• “Toy” Drone Exemption: Madagascar’s law carves out a narrow exemption for very small, low-capability drones, essentially classifying them as toys. The exemption criteria are currently defined as drones with a control range under 100 meters and weighing under 900 grams at takeoff ^[46]. Drones that meet both these criteria (and presumably are not equipped with advanced sensors/cameras) are considered toys and do not require registration or prior authorization. This means if you have a tiny drone that only flies a short distance and is under roughly 0.9 kg, you can operate it more freely (though still subject to basic safety rules). In practical terms, however, many popular camera drones exceed these toy parameters in at least range if not weight. For example, a DJI Mavic Mini weighs ~249 g (under 900 g) but can fly several kilometers away (far beyond 100 m range), so it would not count as a toy. The toy exemption is aimed at very basic devices, often those without cameras, that pose minimal risk due to their limited flight range and weight. All larger or more capable drones will require full registration and oversight. (In earlier communications, ACM also mentioned excluding drones “without sensors” from registration ^[47], implying that any drone with a camera or data-gathering device is not a toy. So if your drone can record video or has advanced telemetry, it likely doesn’t qualify as a toy.)
• Operator Registration (Pilot Registration): In addition to registering the drone itself, the person or entity flying the drone must register with ACM. The regulations state that “all operators must be registered with ACM” ^[48]. This creates a database of drone pilots/operators. When registering, an individual would provide personal information (name, contact, possibly a form of ID or pilot number) and link themselves to the drones they own or operate. For organizations (like a company), the organization would be registered and would list its responsible pilots. Operator registration is important for accountability and for the next step – certification. Essentially, if you want to fly, you need to be on record with the aviation authority.
• Remote Pilot Licensing and Training: Perhaps the biggest change for users is the requirement of training and certification for drone pilots. The new law mandates that drone pilots (remote pilots) undergo appropriate training and obtain certifications commensurate with the category of drone operations they will conduct ^{[49] [50]}. In practice, this likely means Madagascar will implement a licensing system similar to other countries’ remote pilot licenses. For recreational users, this might involve completing an online course or a knowledge test about airspace rules, safety, and privacy (for example, many jurisdictions have a basic online exam for hobbyists). For commercial or higher-risk operations, a more rigorous process is expected – potentially a formal pilot training course, a written exam, and even a practical flight test, culminating in a Remote Pilot Certificate. The ACM has not publicly detailed the exact curriculum yet, but they have signaled that training will be “adapted to [the] category of operation” ^[51]. That suggests multiple levels of licensing: e.g., one for simple visual-line-of-sight daytime operations with light drones, and another for advanced operations (heavier drones, nighttime or beyond-visual-line-of-sight flights, etc.). All professional drone operators (“les professionnels”) must obtain certifications under the new framework ^[52]. This implies that if you’re using a drone for any commercial or institutional purpose, you will need a higher-grade license or operational authorization.
• Certification of Operators (for Businesses): Beyond individual pilot licenses, companies or organizations using drones might need an operator certification. Some countries require a UAS operator certificate for businesses, which involves having organizational processes for safety. Madagascar’s RAM 10000 hints at similar: it calls for standard operating procedures and manuals to ensure flight safety and third-party protection ^[53]. This means a professional drone outfit in Madagascar should prepare documentation like an operations manual, maintenance procedures, emergency protocols, etc., and submit these to ACM as part of getting certified. It’s effectively about demonstrating that you have an internal safety system. An example would be a film production company using drones – they might need to have a certified operations manual and a chief remote pilot who is licensed, in order to conduct aerial filming legally.
• Licensing Authority and Validity: The ACM is the body issuing the registrations and licenses. We can anticipate that once you fulfill the requirements (training, tests, documents), ACM will issue a drone pilot license or certificate. The exact format is not described in our sources, but likely it will be a document or card and an entry in ACM’s records. These certifications probably have an expiration or renewal period (commonly 1-3 years) and could be subject to periodic review or refresher training. Again, drawing parallels, many countries require pilots to be at least 16 or 18 years old for certification – Madagascar might impose a minimum age as well.
• Interim Period Compliance: As of late 2024, ACM urged drone users to start coming into compliance before the February 2025 enforcement date ^[54]. This includes registering themselves and their drones (even though the online system was still in progress) and obtaining any necessary training. Essentially, the authorities want to avoid a situation on day one of the new law where everyone is non-compliant. By the deadline, anyone flying a drone should ideally have a registration number and, if required, a pilot certificate in hand. Those who fail to do so could face penalties once enforcement kicks in.

To illustrate the shift: previously, if a tourist wanted to use a drone, there was no legal permit available for recreation, so it was a dead end. Now, that tourist can (in theory) go through a process: register their drone with ACM (unless it’s a very small toy), take a basic pilot training or test (likely online before the trip), and thus be authorized to fly within the allowed parameters. For a business, previously you needed to scramble for a one-time flight permit every time. Now, you should be able to get your pilot(s) licensed and your operation certified once, then conduct flights routinely by simply adhering to the general rules (and any specific clearances for sensitive areas). It’s a more standardized system.

One should note that foreign operators (non-Malagasy citizens or companies) likely need to comply as well. If you’re bringing a drone as a visitor, you will need to go through registration and possibly show proof of competence (maybe your home country’s license or pass Madagascar’s test). ACM may recognize foreign drone licenses on a case-by-case basis or require a local certification; details on this aren’t clear yet, so foreign pilots should contact ACM ahead of time. Additionally, drone insurance, which was required for commercial permits before ^[55], may continue to be required for certain operations (commercial or higher-risk categories). It’s good practice to have liability insurance when flying a drone in any case.

In summary, Madagascar’s new system mandates that drones and their pilots be known to authorities and meet competency standards. The registration and licensing framework brings structure to what was previously a vague prohibition. It will involve some paperwork and studying for users, but it is essential for legal flight. The hope is that this will also educate drone pilots on safe flying practices – reducing accidents and incidents – and make it easier to hold rule-breakers accountable (since registered pilots can be identified and penalized). Given the administrative challenges noted (like the registration portal delays ^[56]), there may be growing pains, but the direction is set: if you want to fly a drone in Madagascar now, you must “come onto the radar” of the ACM by registering and getting certified.

3. Airspace and No-Fly Zone Restrictions

Even with a registered drone and a licensed pilot, where and how you can fly in Madagascar is tightly regulated. The rules for airspace usage are designed to prevent collisions (with manned aircraft), protect sensitive areas, and reduce nuisances to the public. Key restrictions include:

No-Fly Zones:

• Airports and Aerodromes: It is strictly prohibited to fly drones near airports or where manned aircraft are operating ^[57]. This typically means there is a radius of several kilometers around any airport in which drones cannot fly without special permission. For instance, Ivato International Airport in Antananarivo and other regional airports will have controlled airspace. Drones could pose a serious hazard to planes during takeoff and landing, so they are banned in these zones. The new regulations empower authorities to define Flight Restriction Zones (FRZ) around airports ^[58]. Flying inside an FRZ is forbidden without explicit permission from air traffic control (ATC) ^[59]. In practice, if someone had a compelling need to fly near an airport (e.g., for infrastructure inspection on airport property), they would have to coordinate with and get clearance from the control tower or ACM. Otherwise, drones should stay well away from airport flight paths. Pilots must also yield right-of-way to any manned aircraft at all times – if a helicopter or plane is nearby, the drone must descend/land immediately.
• Urban Areas and Crowds: Operators are not allowed to fly drones over densely populated areas or gatherings of people ^[60]. Flying above crowds (such as concerts, political rallies, busy marketplaces) is banned because if the drone fails or falls, it could injure multiple people on the ground. Also, crowds generally cannot all consent to being filmed, raising privacy issues. While the law doesn’t outright ban all city flying, doing so is very sensitive. In practice, to fly in an urban environment like downtown Antananarivo, one would likely need special permission and significant safety measures (for example, closing the area to people, using a small drone, etc.). Recreational users should stick to unpopulated areas. Always maintain a safe horizontal distance from people not involved in the drone operation – many countries require at least 30 meters distance; Madagascar’s specifics will be detailed in ACM guidelines, but the principle is clear: no buzzing over people’s heads.
• Government and Military Sites:Sensitive government buildings, military installations, and security-related facilities are no-fly zones ^[61]. This includes places like presidential palaces, military bases or barracks, defense ministries, and likely foreign embassies as well. These restrictions are for national security; drones can potentially be used for espionage or could pose threats if carrying payloads. If a drone is caught flying in such areas, security forces will respond. For example, flying near a military base could result in the drone being jammed or shot down and the operator detained. Always be aware of your surroundings – avoid flying anywhere near police stations, prison facilities, power plants, or other critical infrastructure without explicit permission.
• Protected Natural Areas: Madagascar’s rich biodiversity means many areas are protected as national parks or reserves. Drone flights over these areas require special clearance. The law indicates that flying over protected areas (like national parks) necessitates permission from the Ministry of Environment and the park’s managing authority ^[62]. For instance, if you want to film wildlife in Masoala National Park or get aerial shots of Tsingy de Bemaraha, you must coordinate with park officials and obtain permits. These permits ensure that drones do not disturb wildlife (e.g., lemurs or birds can be very sensitive to drone noise) and that any filming aligns with conservation rules. Some parks might outright ban drones to prevent stress on animals or interference with anti-poaching patrols. Always check with park management before even thinking of flying; unauthorized drone use in a park can result in fines and confiscation of equipment by park rangers. Additionally, certain cultural heritage sites or sacred sites might be off-limits to drones to respect local customs.

Operating Restrictions:

• Altitude Limits: While the Malagasy regulations don’t explicitly list a number in our sources, it’s standard internationally to impose a maximum altitude (often around 120 meters or 400 feet above ground level) for drone flights in uncontrolled airspace. This keeps drones away from higher manned aircraft traffic. The mention that drones with capability above 100m range must be registered might imply an altitude guideline too ^[63]. We expect ACM to set a clear altitude limit; flying above that without special permission (like for a beyond-visual-line-of-sight operation) would be illegal. As a drone pilot, you should always know your altitude and stay within allowed limits – likely around the tree-top to low-building level unless cleared otherwise.
• Visual Line of Sight (VLOS): Madagascar will almost certainly require that drones be flown within the visual line-of-sight of the pilot at all times (unless a specific advanced operation is authorized). VLOS means you, the operator, can clearly see the drone with your own eyes (not just through a video feed) and judge its orientation and distance. This rule prevents operators from losing situational awareness. Flying beyond line-of-sight (BVLOS) – for example, sending a drone several kilometers away – is not permitted for general users. BVLOS operations would require special authorization, additional technology, and likely would be limited to certain approved projects (like long-range deliveries or mapping in uninhabited areas with proper safety measures). For all typical drone activities, keep your drone in sight and don’t rely purely on the camera.
• Time of Day and Weather:Drones may only be flown in daylight hours and under good weather conditions ^[64]. Night flying adds risks because the drone is harder to see (both for the operator and others, including aircraft pilots). Thus, unless you have a specific night operation permit (which would require lighting on the drone and other precautions), you should land by sunset. Likewise, flying in fog, heavy rain, or high winds is unsafe and generally prohibited. Good weather typically means at least clear to partly cloudy skies and mild winds. If the weather deteriorates during your flight (e.g., sudden rain or gusts), the law would expect you to safely return and land as soon as possible. This rule is about ensuring the pilot can maintain control and see surroundings.
• Distance from Property and People: Although not spelled out line-by-line in the sources, it’s a common rule that you must keep a reasonable distance from private property, people, vehicles, and roads. You shouldn’t be hovering low over someone’s home or backyard without permission (that can violate privacy and be considered trespassing or nuisance). Typically, a minimum horizontal distance (like 50 meters) from uninvolved persons or properties is required. When flying, pick open areas away from buildings and populated sites.
• Yielding Right of Way: Drones must yield to all manned aircraft. If a helicopter or low-flying plane appears, you must immediately give way (descend or maneuver away). Similarly, if there are other drones in the area (say at an event where multiple drones are flying with permission), pilots should coordinate to avoid conflicts.
• Specific Event Restrictions: Sometimes, authorities may impose temporary no-fly zones during special events or emergencies. For example, around a VIP visit or a large public demonstration, drones might be temporarily banned in that zone even if you normally could fly there. Also, during disaster response, only authorized drones might be allowed (to give priority to official emergency drones). Pilots should stay alert to NOTAMs (Notices to Airmen) or ACM announcements regarding drone restrictions.

Overall, Madagascar’s approach to airspace echoes the principle “Fly safe and stay out of sensitive areas.” The new regulation states that operators must respect the airspace restrictions established by the authorities ^[65]. This means it’s the pilot’s responsibility to be informed about where flight is allowed or prohibited. Ignorance of a no-fly zone is not an excuse – if you inadvertently fly into restricted airspace and get caught, you could face penalties. ACM will likely publish maps or an Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) detailing drone restriction zones in Madagascar. In fact, Madagascar is part of ASECNA (the agency for air navigation safety in Africa), and information about prohibited areas may be listed in the AIP ^[66]. Drone pilots should consult any published materials or contact ACM if unsure about a location.

For practical guidance:

• Stay away from airports (at least several kilometers).
• Avoid flying over cities or towns unless at the edge and at low altitude, and never over people.
• Do not approach military or government compounds.
• Obtain permits for any national park flight or avoid those areas entirely.
• Fly below ~120 m altitude and always within your sight.
• Only fly during daytime with clear weather.

Adhering to these will keep you on the right side of the law and, just as importantly, will ensure your drone flights don’t endanger others or infringe on protected places. Remember that the authorities can enforce airspace rules with technology too – there might be radar or radio-frequency detectors around airports or sensitive sites that can pick up a drone’s signal. For example, there were rumors that strong GPS interference in certain areas (like Alarobia in Antananarivo) caused drones to malfunction and wander, which might be an anti-drone measure near a strategic location ^[67]. Whether true or not, it underscores that if you fly where you shouldn’t, you might lose your drone one way or another. So it’s best to plan your flights in approved areas (maybe work with local guides to find safe spots to fly) and strictly obey the no-fly zones.

4. Rules about Drone Imports and Exports

Bringing a drone into or out of Madagascar involves its own set of regulations, separate from the in-country flight rules. Malagasy authorities have been cautious about drone imports, both for security and for regulatory control. Here’s what you need to know:

Importing (Bringing a Drone into Madagascar):

If you intend to travel to Madagascar with a drone (whether you’re a tourist, filmmaker, or researcher), you should prepare in advance. Importing and using drones is allowed only if you have the required permit from ACM ^[68]. In other words, before you arrive in Madagascar, you are expected to have applied for and obtained a drone import/operation permit.

The process typically works like this:

1. Apply to ACM for a drone permit – often referred to as a “drone filming permit” or just drone use permit. According to a film production guide, to apply you must write a letter to ACM requesting permission to import and use a drone ^[69]. Along with the letter, you need to provide detailed information about the drone (make, model, specs) and the purpose of bringing it (e.g., tourism photography, filming a documentary, research mapping project). Essentially, you must justify why you need a drone in the country.
2. Multi-Agency Approval – The application doesn’t just stay with ACM. It is routed through several offices of authority for approval ^[70]. This likely includes the Ministry of Public Security or Defense (to ensure your drone use has no security threat), and possibly the Ministry of Communication or Culture if it involves filming. The permit process is described as “very lengthy and tiresome”, taking about two or more weeks to be finalized ^[71]. It’s strongly advised to engage a local fixer or agent who can follow up on the paperwork in Antananarivo, as they’ll know which desks to push the papers through.
3. Customs Clearance – Once you have an official permit document from ACM (or a written authorization), you should carry it with you when traveling. Upon arrival at the airport, you are required to declare your drone to customs. Show them the permit or a copy. If you have a lot of gear, consider using an ATA Carnet ^[72]. An ATA Carnet is an international customs document that lists equipment for temporary import; it can simplify the process of bringing professional equipment (like camera gear and drones) by avoiding paying import duties as long as you take the equipment back out when you leave. If you don’t have a carnet, customs might ask you to pay a temporary import bond or tax on the drone, refundable upon exit (to ensure you don’t sell it in Madagascar). They will likely record the drone’s details (serial number, etc.) and note it in your passport or a temporary import permit.

Without the above steps, trying to walk through customs with a drone is risky. Officially, authorities have said that if you attempt to enter without prior permission, the drone will be confiscated at customs ^[73]. This isn’t an idle threat – customs officers do have the power to seize undeclared or restricted items. Whether they check every bag is another story; some travelers have reported they were not stopped and simply brought drones in undetected. However, relying on luck is not recommended. If they do find it and you lack papers, you could lose your drone at the airport, or at the very least face a lot of questioning and possibly fines for non-declaration. Given the new laws, it’s expected customs will be even more vigilant.

For tourists or amateurs, the hurdle of getting a permit in advance might seem high. Realistically, many casual visitors might not go through the weeks-long process. Those who don’t will essentially be bringing the drone at their own risk. If you choose that route (again, not legally endorsed), be aware that you should declare it to customs regardless. If you declare without a permit, they might hold it at the airport until you obtain a permit (which could ruin your short trip). If you don’t declare and just hope it’s not found, you must then also fly very carefully within the country to avoid police noticing (which is illegal and if caught, you face penalties discussed earlier). Given these downsides, the official advice is: get the permit before you go.

One positive note: some travelers have mentioned that no special import license was asked for at customs when they carried a drone – especially if it’s a small drone. It seems enforcement can be inconsistent. For instance, a person with a compact DJI Mini might get waved through, whereas someone with a big Phantom or Inspire might draw attention. Also, if you’re entering via a smaller airport (like Nosy Be’s Fascene Airport) rather than Antananarivo, procedures could be more lax. Nonetheless, the law on the books is clear about needing authorization, so it’s best to play it safe and not assume leniency.

Exporting (Taking a Drone Out of Madagascar):

When you depart Madagascar with your drone, you generally won’t face as many hurdles, provided that you legally imported it (or it was never noticed to begin with). If you declared the drone upon entry (with or without paying a deposit), you should declare it again on exit to close the record:

• If you paid a customs bond or temporary import tax, show the paperwork so you can get your refund when they see you’re taking the drone back out.
• If you used an ATA Carnet, present it to be stamped out, ensuring all is in order.

Madagascar doesn’t restrict the export of consumer drones themselves (they’re not a strategic item like weapons). The main concern is making sure no one leaves behind a drone that was brought in illegally or sold without duties. As long as you carry out what you brought in, there are usually no export penalties. However, be mindful of data – if you have aerial footage, in rare cases authorities might want to review it if they suspect you recorded sensitive locations. This is uncommon, but if you did any drone filming near sensitive areas, be prepared to answer questions or show your permit for filming if asked at departure.

For Madagascar residents buying drones domestically (which is not very common yet since importation is restricted), exporting a drone would just mean taking your personal property abroad – no special procedure unless the destination country requires something.

Shipping Drones: If someone wants to ship a drone into Madagascar by mail or freight, that too would require import permits and likely gets held at customs until cleared. Given the complexities, some prefer to hire drones locally or work with local drone operators rather than bring their own gear. However, since drone technology expertise is still developing in Madagascar, many professionals do bring their own.

In summary, for imports: plan ahead. Acquire written permission from ACM, list your drone and its purpose, and anticipate at least a 2-week lead time for paperwork ^[74]. Use a carnet or be ready to declare and possibly pay a deposit at customs. For exports, take your drone home – leaving it or gifting/selling it in Madagascar would violate customs rules unless duties are paid. And always carry your permit documentation in case any official (customs, police, etc.) questions why you have a drone. With the new regulations, authorities know exactly that drones are a regulated item, so having the right documents will save you from a lot of trouble.

5. Privacy Laws and Data Protection Concerns

Privacy is a significant concern related to drone usage, and Madagascar’s drone regulations explicitly acknowledge the need to protect people’s privacy. Drones equipped with cameras can capture images and videos of individuals, private properties, and sensitive activities from a vantage point that was previously hard to access. This raises the potential for invasion of privacy, unauthorized surveillance, or data collection without consent – all issues that lawmakers want to address.

The new RAM 10000 framework emphasizes “le respect de la vie privée des citoyens” (respect for the privacy of citizens) as a key principle alongside safety ^[75]. What does this mean in practical terms for drone pilots?

• No Spying or Surveillance: It is illegal to use drones to spy on people. For instance, flying a drone with a camera to peer into someone’s home, yard, or other private space is a violation of privacy. Even if there might not yet be a specific “drone privacy act,” such behavior could fall under existing privacy laws or harassment laws. It’s important to use drones in a way that doesn’t intrude on others’ reasonable expectation of privacy. As a rule of thumb, do not record or zoom in on people without their permission, especially in places where they expect privacy (like inside a residence or a closed compound).
• Restrictions on Photography/Filming: If you plan to film or photograph with a drone, particularly in inhabited areas, you should be mindful of obtaining permits or releases. For commercial filming, typically you need a permit that also covers filming rights. For personal use, while you might snap scenic shots, you should avoid capturing identifiable people in those shots without consent. The ACM’s guidelines (and earlier permit requirements) actually involved approval from the Ministry of Defense and local authorities partly for this reason – to ensure nothing sensitive is being filmed ^[76]. Unauthorized aerial photography could get you into trouble if, say, you inadvertently film a strategic installation or violate someone’s privacy and they complain.
• Data Protection: Madagascar does not have a well-known comprehensive data protection law like Europe’s GDPR, but general principles of data protection (handling personal data responsibly) should be followed. If a drone is collecting any form of data (imagery of individuals, vehicle plate numbers, etc.), the operator should treat that data carefully. For example, if you recorded video over a village, posting it online without blurring people’s faces could potentially lead to privacy issues. The authorities might require that any stored imagery that could identify people must be used in accordance with Malagasy law. In a professional context, media companies would typically get location releases and respect any cultural sensitivities about being filmed.
• Consent: In scenarios like weddings or events, drones are often used to film participants. In those cases, typically the participants’ consent is obtained via the event organizer. If you are flying a drone over someone’s private property (e.g., to take real estate photos or inspect a roof), you absolutely need the property owner’s permission. Flying low over private property without consent can be seen as trespassing (even if the airspace is technically national, there’s a concept in many jurisdictions that property owners have rights to the immediate airspace above their land). It’s both a legal and courteous practice to ask permission when filming close to private areas.
• Sensitive Locations: Privacy concerns extend to certain sensitive locations. For example, hospitals, schools, and prisons are places where drone filming could breach confidentiality or security. Flying over a prison could violate laws related to the privacy of inmates or even be seen as aiding illicit surveillance. Over hospitals, it could disturb patients and potentially capture sensitive situations. It’s likely forbidden to fly in these areas without special clearance, partly out of privacy considerations.
• Cultural Privacy: In Madagascar, as in many countries, certain communities or individuals may be uncomfortable with being filmed or photographed from above. Even if not codified in law, it’s wise to respect requests not to film. Local guides can help advise if there are areas where using a drone might offend locals or violate cultural norms.

Legal Enforcement of Privacy: If a drone pilot violates privacy, what can happen? Possible outcomes:

• The person affected could report it to the police. The police could then intervene, ordering the pilot to stop and possibly confiscating footage or the drone if it’s evidence of a violation.
• Madagascar’s civil aviation code’s sanctions (Article L.7.1.1-6) might not specifically mention “privacy,” but if you’re flying without proper authorization or in prohibited areas to snoop on someone, you’re already breaking the drone law and can be penalized for that (as discussed, heavy fines/jail apply).
• Additionally, the individual whose privacy was invaded could potentially pursue a civil suit or complaint for violation of privacy or image rights. This is more untested area, but as drones become more common, so will such cases.

The ACM’s focus on privacy means as part of the drone pilot training, expect content on privacy and data protection. Operators will be educated to avoid flying over private premises, to not record individuals without consent, and to understand the repercussions of misuse.

For instance, the ACM might enforce that drones with cameras should not use them in a way that “unreasonably infringes privacy.” If someone uses a drone to consistently harass or stalk someone, beyond the aviation law, it could fall under criminal harassment laws.

A comment from a local observer highlighted that unregulated drones “pose a problem of respect for private life” and can be a tool for malicious surveillance ^[77]. The new measures are partly a response to such concerns, aiming to have all drones identifiable so that if one is caught violating privacy, the authorities can track down the responsible party via registration.

In terms of data storage, if you collect aerial data for mapping or research (like images of people’s lands, etc.), data protection principles suggest you should secure that data and possibly anonymize it if shared. Madagascar might soon implement guidelines on handling drone-collected data, especially as drones may be used in sectors like agriculture or conservation that involve mapping communities.

Bottom line for drone users: Always err on the side of caution regarding privacy. Don’t film people at close range without permission. Avoid hovering over private homes or backyards. Be transparent if someone asks you about your drone and what you’re doing – often people’s main concern is that they’re being watched or recorded. By following the rule “Respect others’ privacy when flying your drone” ^[78], you not only comply with Madagascar’s laws but also maintain goodwill. If you violate privacy, you not only risk legal action, but you also contribute to a negative public perception of drones, which could lead to even tighter rules. Madagascar’s government wants drones to be used in a way that protects personal privacy and data; responsible piloting means making sure your drone is not a peeping tool but rather being used for legitimate, allowed purposes.

6. Penalties for Violating Drone Laws

Madagascar’s drone regulations come with strict penalties to deter misuse. If you break the rules – whether by flying without permission, venturing into no-fly zones, or endangering others – you could face severe consequences under the law.

The Malagasy Civil Aviation Code (as amended in 2015 and relevant to drones) explicitly provides punishments for unauthorized aerial operations. As cited earlier, Article L.7.1.1-6 of the law (No. 2015-006, which amended the 2012 aviation code) states that operating an aircraft without specific authorization is an offense subject to legal penalties ^[79]. The national press has reported these penalties in plain terms: anyone caught flying a drone illegally is “passible de… 5 à 10 ans d’emprisonnement” (liable to 5 to 10 years of imprisonment) and a fine ranging from 1,000,000 to 20,000,000 Ariary ^[80]. That upper range of 10 years in prison is notably harsh – it underlines that Madagascar considers unauthorized drone flights a serious violation, akin to other major offenses.

To break down these penalties:

• Imprisonment: 5 to 10 years in jail is the range. The exact sentence would likely depend on the severity and circumstances. For example, a first-time offender who was just a careless hobbyist might get something on the lower end or potentially a suspended sentence (depending on judicial discretion), whereas someone who intentionally flew a drone over a secure facility or caused an accident might face closer to the maximum. It’s not entirely clear if lesser violations (like, say, flying just outside your allowed zone) would immediately trigger prison time, but the law on paper gives that possibility. The presence of such a prison term is probably meant to scare would-be violators and emphasize national security concerns.
• Fines: 1,000,000 to 20,000,000 MGA is roughly USD 220 to $4,400 (using exchange rates around 2024-2025). These fines could be imposed in addition to or instead of jail time. They are relatively high by Malagasy standards (where incomes are low); a fine in the millions of Ariary would be a significant financial hit to an average person. The wide range allows courts to calibrate the fine to the offense – minor infractions might incur a fine at the lower end, while egregious cases see something much steeper. Also, if the convicted person is a foreigner, a hefty fine and expulsion might be the more likely outcome than a long jail term, but that’s speculative.

Apart from these criminal penalties, there are other repercussions:

• Drone Confiscation: If you violate the laws, expect that your drone will be confiscated by authorities. This can happen on the spot – for instance, police or park rangers who catch you can seize the drone and memory cards. At customs, as noted, they will confiscate drones without permits ^[81]. Confiscation can be both a penalty and a preventive measure (stopping you from continuing the offense). Often, confiscated drones are not returned, especially if used in illegal activities.
• Administrative Sanctions: The aviation authority (ACM) can likely impose administrative penalties too, such as revoking your drone registration or pilot license, or issuing fines for lesser breaches. In 2016 a decree allowed ACM to give administrative sanctions for aviation violations ^[82]. So, for example, if a licensed drone pilot flies carelessly but without causing harm, ACM might suspend or cancel their license as a penalty. Similarly, failing to adhere to some technical requirement might bring a fine outside of court.
• Legal Proceedings: Enforcement agencies will prepare a case if you’re caught. This could mean being arrested by police or gendarmes and going through the Malagasy legal system. It may involve court appearances, and possibly detention while awaiting trial (depending on the nature of the violation). For foreign nationals, their embassy would likely be involved if they are arrested for a drone-related offense, but that’s a situation best avoided entirely by following the law.
• Penalties for Specific Violations: If your drone usage causes actual harm or danger, other laws can come into play. For instance:
  • If a drone interferes with a manned aircraft, it could potentially be treated as endangering an aircraft, which might carry its own serious charges.
  • If a drone injures someone on the ground or damages property, the operator could be liable under civil law for damages and under criminal law for negligence or bodily harm.
  • Using a drone to take illicit images (e.g., of defense installations or to infringe privacy) could stack on charges like espionage or violating privacy rights.
  • Flying a drone to carry contraband (like dropping drugs into a prison, which has happened in some countries) would obviously trigger criminal charges beyond aviation law.

The regulation mentions that no sanctions will be immediately applied during the transitional period as people adjust, but after February 2025, the gloves come off ^[83]. In one local article, an ACM official indicated initially there would be an information campaign and a period of grace, but ultimately, those who do not comply will face enforcement actions (by then no one can say they didn’t know).

Enforcement in practice: While the law provides for harsh penalties, on-the-ground enforcement can vary. It’s unlikely that a hobbyist would be sentenced to a decade in prison for a first offense if no harm was done – more probable would be confiscation of the drone and a fine or a short jail stint. However, the possibility is there, and authorities could make an example of someone to set a precedent. If a drone caused a serious incident (say, a near-miss with an aircraft or a crash at a public event), prosecutors would not hesitate to push for strict punishment under these laws.

For a foreigner, penalties could include deportation after paying fines or serving any sentence. For Malagasy citizens, it could mean a criminal record on top of jail/fines.

Additionally, consider insurance: if you operate without following laws, your insurance (if any) will likely be void. And if you cause damages, you might be personally liable for huge compensation.

The best way to avoid penalties is simple – follow the rules:

• Do not fly without registering and getting any needed permits.
• Stay out of prohibited areas.
• Respect altitude and distance limits.
• Prioritize safety and privacy.

If you realize you’ve violated a rule (for example, accidentally flew too close to a restricted area), it’s wise to stop and self-report to ACM, rather than try to hide it. They might be lenient if you come forward proactively to explain and ensure it doesn’t happen again. But if you’re caught hiding an infraction, penalties would likely be enforced to full extent.

To sum up, Madagascar backs its drone laws with serious punitive measures – multi-year imprisonment and multi-million Ariary fines for non-compliance ^[84]. These are among the tougher drone law penalties globally, reflecting the government’s concern about uncontrolled drone use. They serve as a strong deterrent: anyone thinking of flouting the regulations should understand that the cost could be extremely high. Responsible drone users who follow the law, on the other hand, have nothing to fear – the regulations are there to enable safe drone activity, not to punish those who comply. By adhering to the licensing process and operating rules, you can enjoy flying your drone in Madagascar’s beautiful landscapes without running afoul of these harsh penalties.

7. How Laws Are Enforced and Who Enforces Them

Enacting strict laws is one thing; enforcing them on the ground is another. In Madagascar, multiple agencies have roles in enforcing drone regulations, and there are both challenges and ongoing efforts to strengthen enforcement.

Key Agencies Responsible:

• Aviation Civile de Madagascar (ACM): The ACM (Civil Aviation Authority) is the primary regulator for all aviation activities, including drones. It is responsible for the administration of drone registrations, pilot certifications, and permits. ACM essentially writes the rules (such as RAM 10000) and handles the paperwork and oversight mechanisms. When it comes to enforcement, ACM’s inspectors or officials may investigate violations, especially administrative ones. For example, if someone reports an unauthorized drone flight, ACM can check its registry and coordinate action. However, ACM itself does not have armed agents patrolling the skies; it relies on other law enforcement for field actions. Think of ACM as the “brain” of drone regulation enforcement – it sets the policies, maintains databases, and coordinates responses.
• Local Law Enforcement (Police and Gendarmerie): The Malagasy National Police (in urban areas) and the Gendarmerie (a national police force often responsible for rural areas and broader jurisdiction) are the ones who can detain individuals, conduct investigations, and seize equipment when laws are broken. If a drone is flying where it shouldn’t, or if someone files a complaint, the police may respond. For instance, if a drone is seen over a crowd or near an airport, police or gendarmes can be dispatched to locate the operator. They have the authority to demand proof of registration and permits. If the pilot cannot produce them, the police can confiscate the drone and potentially arrest the individual for unauthorized operation. The police are also key in investigating incidents – e.g., if a drone crashes and injures someone, the police will gather evidence, identify the operator (with help from ACM’s registry, hopefully), and forward the case for prosecution. In the earlier example from Madagascar Matin, after drones disappeared near Alarobia, it’s mentioned that police investigations would determine the causes of the incidents ^[85] – indicating police involvement in any drone-related incident.
• Customs (Ministry of Finance – Customs Department): Customs officials at airports and ports enforce the regulations on importing and exporting drones. They screen baggage and cargo for undeclared drones. If they find a drone without proper paperwork, they have the authority to seize it. Customs essentially are the gatekeepers at the borders: they ensure that any drone coming in has ACM permission. They also collaborate with ACM; for example, if you have a permit, customs might have a record of it or will verify it with ACM before letting the drone through. Customs can also levy fines or require import duties if proper procedures weren’t followed.
• Ministry of Defense / Security Agencies: Given that drones can pose security threats, agencies under Defense or State Security keep an eye on drone activities. The Ministry of Defense was previously explicitly involved in approving drone flight permits ^[86], which shows their role in assessing security implications. In enforcement, military or state security might step in if, for instance, a drone flies near a military base or a high-security event (like a presidential appearance). They could deploy jamming equipment or other counter-drone measures. In extreme cases, they might even engage (e.g., attempt to shoot down a drone) if it’s a threat. They also likely guide policies on what areas are off-limits. So while you as a drone user might not directly deal with Defense officials, they are working behind the scenes to enforce no-fly zones and security restrictions, often by guiding police or through surveillance.
• Ministry of Environment / Park Rangers: For drones in protected areas, park rangers and environmental authorities enforce regulations. As mentioned, to fly in a national park, one needs special permission ^[87]. Park rangers have the authority to stop unpermitted drone use in parks. They can confiscate drones and escort offenders out, possibly handing them over to police. The Ministry of Environment sets rules for drones in conservation zones (like altitude restrictions to not disturb wildlife). They coordinate with ACM to ensure drone permits near such areas have environmental clearance. So, if you fly in a national park without permission, you might be dealing with park enforcement officers first, who can then involve national police if needed.
• Local Government Authorities: In earlier permit processes, local authorities (like district chiefs or mayors) had to approve drone flights in their area ^[88]. Under the new framework, local authorities might still be involved, perhaps in granting location-specific clearances or handling complaints. For example, if residents report a nuisance drone in a village, the local chief might alert the gendarmerie. Local authorities can also help publicize the drone regulations to communities (awareness campaigns about not flying without permission, etc.). They aren’t primary enforcers, but they are part of the network that monitors drone activity on the community level.

Enforcement Challenges and Reality:

Madagascar has a vast territory and limited resources. In the past, enforcement of many regulations (traffic laws, environmental laws, etc.) has been inconsistent. As one Reddit user succinctly put it, “Madagascar has a lot of unenforced laws.” ^[89] This could certainly apply to drone laws up until now – the ban on recreational drones existed on paper, yet plenty of anecdotal evidence shows people were flying anyway, largely without consequence unless they drew attention to themselves. Remote areas of the country have little to no enforcement presence; someone flying a drone in a rural field would almost certainly not encounter authorities. Even in cities, unless a drone caused a problem or was seen by a vigilant official, enforcement was lax.

However, with the new regulations, the government intends to tighten this up. The explicit registration and identification scheme is meant to remove anonymity. It’s easier to enforce rules when you know who owns drones. The success of enforcement will depend on ACM’s ability to roll out these systems and on training law enforcement to handle drone issues.

One potential enforcement mechanism is public cooperation and reporting. If a citizen sees a drone being used irresponsibly, they can report it. In fact, public awareness campaigns might encourage people to treat unregistered drone flying like any other violation to report. Over time, as drones become more common, the social norm should shift to where people expect to see only legitimate use (much like how people would report an unlicensed driver or a trespasser).

Technological Enforcement: Madagascar might employ technology to help enforce drone laws. This could include:

• Drone Detection Systems: around airports or sensitive locations, systems that detect radio frequencies or radar reflections from drones. If detected, security can respond.
• Remote ID Requirement: Some countries require drones to broadcast an electronic ID signal. If Madagascar adopts that (perhaps in the future), enforcement could be done by scanning for drones broadcasting ID versus those that aren’t (unregistered ones).
• Geofencing: Many drones have GPS-based geofencing that prevents them from flying in restricted zones (like near major airports) if those zones are coded into the drone’s firmware. If ACM coordinates with drone manufacturers, geofencing could help automatically enforce no-fly zones for compliant users. But this is limited to smart drones that update their databases.

Judicial Enforcement: For serious cases, the judiciary will enforce penalties by prosecuting and sentencing offenders. We have yet to see high-profile prosecutions since the new law’s implementation is just starting. If drone violations become an issue, one might see an example case where someone is penalized publicly to send a message.

Enforcement vs. Education: The ACM has indicated that part of the rollout of RAM 10000 includes educating drone users (through info sessions, press releases, etc.) so that enforcement can be more effective. If people understand the rules, they’re more likely to follow them, and enforcement can focus on willful violators. For instance, an information session was held on the new regulation to inform stakeholders of their obligations ^[90].

One candid perspective from a local journalist doubted how realistic strict enforcement is, given Madagascar’s broader enforcement problems. He quipped that expecting rigorous drone regulation in a country that struggles to enforce motorcycle helmet laws was “presque du fantasme administratif” – almost administrative fantasy ^[91]. This highlights a potential gap between law and practice. Indeed, if police in a remote town see a kid flying a small drone, they might not know what to do, or might not have the time to address it compared to more pressing issues.

However, the presence of stiff penalties and a clear legal framework means that when push comes to shove, authorities have the tools to act. They are likely to prioritize enforcement in scenarios that matter most:

• Near airports (aviation safety).
• In urban centers (where privacy and nuisance complaints will arise).
• In protected areas (conservation and tourism concerns).
• Cases of flagrant misuse (drones at political events, or being used for illicit activities).

Day-to-day hobby flights in compliance with rules may not see any active enforcement beyond a possible spot check. But those who break the rules in noticeable ways should expect the law to catch up with them, now that everything is formalized.

Which agency to contact or report to: If you’re a drone user who wants clarity or to ensure you’re compliant, contact ACM – they are the authority to guide you on permits and rules. If you see a problematic drone flight (like someone endangering others), you could report it to the nearest police station or gendarmerie post, who should take it from there. During the permit application, you might interact with multiple agencies, but ACM will be your main point of contact.

In conclusion, enforcement of Madagascar’s drone laws is a multi-agency effort: ACM handles the regulatory oversight and coordination, law enforcement (police/gendarme) handle on-site interventions and investigations, customs monitors the borders, and other ministries pitch in for specific domains (security and environment). While historically enforcement was weak, the government’s adoption of the new drone law indicates a desire to change that. As infrastructure and awareness improve, we can expect enforcement to become more consistent. Drone users should not become complacent because of past laxity – with the new system, if you operate outside the law, you stand a good chance of being caught and facing the steep penalties discussed. Conversely, if you follow the rules, the enforcement apparatus will effectively work for you – keeping the skies safe and fair for all compliant drone pilots in Madagascar.

Sources:

1. UAV Systems International – Madagascar Drone Laws (2019) ^{[92] [93] [94]}
2. Drone-Traveller – Drone Laws in Madagascar (2020 update) ^{[95] [96] [97] [98]}
3. Reddit – r/Madagascar thread on drone confiscation and usage (2022) ^{[99] [100]}
4. La Vérité (Madagascar news) – Sécurité aérienne: Régulation des drones envisagée (24 Mar 2024) ^{[101] [102] [103] [104]}
5. Moov / L’Express de Madagascar – Aviation Civile: nouvelles réglementations pour drones (25 Mar 2024) ^{[105] [106]}
6. Madagascar Tribune – “Drôles de mesures” for drone registration (June 18, 2020) ^{[107] [108]}
7. USAID GHEVALS Report – reference to legal penalties (Oct 2021) ^{[109] [110] [111]}
8. Film Fixers Guide – Filming in Madagascar (Drone Importation) ^{[112] [113] [114] [115]}
9. Madagascar Matin – “Un drone disparait…”, (5 Mar 2025) – includes legal penalty excerpt ^[116]
10. Madagascar aviation regulations – Law 2015-006 and Code 2012-011 excerpts ^{[117] [118]}

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