- Massive Rally & Volatility: Robinhood Markets (NASDAQ: HOOD) saw its stock surge over 200% year-to-date in 2025, hitting an all-time high around $153 per share in early October before plunging ~9% in one day to about $139 on Oct 10 [1]. The market cap topped $100 billion after Robinhood’s late-September inclusion in the S&P 500 index [2], underscoring its meteoric rise.
- Blowout Financials:Q2 2025 earnings smashed expectations, with revenue up 45% YoY to $989 million and net income doubling to $386 million (EPS $0.42 vs. ~$0.30 expected) [3]. User growth remained robust – funded accounts hit 26.5 million (+10% YoY) and paid Robinhood Gold subscriptions jumped 76% to 3.5 million [4] – driving a high ~50% net profit margin over the past year. Upcoming Q3 results (due in early November) will be a crucial catalyst.
- New Products vs. Outages: In 2025 Robinhood aggressively expanded its offerings, listing MicroStrategy’s “Strategy” preferred shares (its first foray into preferred stocks) and adding more cryptocurrencies and even tokenized stock trading for European users [5]. However, a major platform outage on Oct 6 temporarily halted trading for many users [6] – an incident that coincided with Galaxy Digital’s launch of a rival app “GalaxyOne,” targeting Robinhood’s user base with commission-free trading and high-yield accounts [7].
- Regulatory & Partnership Moves: Robinhood’s rapid growth hasn’t escaped regulators’ notice. In Jan 2025, it paid $45 million in SEC fines to settle charges ranging from short-selling rule violations to cybersecurity lapses [8]. A potential overhang lifted in Feb 2025 when the SEC closed its probe into Robinhood’s crypto business with no enforcement action [9]. The company also expanded via acquisition, buying crypto exchange Bitstamp in mid-2025 (a $200M deal) to accelerate its global and institutional crypto offerings [10]. It even rolled out “Robinhood Banking” accounts (4% APY cash sweep) for premium users as part of a push to become a financial “super-app” [11].
- Analyst Outlook – Bullish but Cautious: Wall Street experts remain guardedly optimistic on HOOD. The consensus rating is “Moderate Buy” (roughly 12 Buy, 7 Hold, 1 Sell) [12] and major banks recently hiked their price targets (e.g. Barclays $120, Goldman Sachs $152, Bank of America $157) [13]. However, the average 12-month target is only ~$118–$120 [14] – below the current price, reflecting valuation concerns. Some bulls see further upside (Citizens just raised its target to $170, calling Robinhood a “continual beat-and-raise story” with earnings momentum [15] [16]), while bears warn the stock is overvalued (Rothschild Redburn reiterates Sell with a $68 target) [17]. The stock’s lofty ~70× P/E ratio and recent technical overbought signals suggest caution, and many analysts recommend patience (buying on dips) rather than chasing the rally at peak levels [18].
HOOD Stock Price and Recent Performance
Robinhood’s stock has been on a rollercoaster in 2025. After starting the year at much lower levels, HOOD nearly tripled in value by early October. On October 6, shares hit a record intra-week high around $153. But by the week’s end, the stock pulled back sharply, closing at $138.96 on Oct 10 after an 8.9% single-day plunge [19]. (The Oct 10 drop coincided with a broader market selloff sparked by renewed U.S.–China trade war fears, which particularly hit high-growth tech stocks [20].) Even after the pullback, Robinhood remains up over 200% year-to-date, vastly outperforming the S&P 500’s return for 2025 [21]. Its 52-week trading range tells the tale of this explosive growth – HOOD traded as low as roughly $22 per share over the past year and as high as $153 [22].
This extraordinary rally was fueled by improving fundamentals and positive news (detailed below), but it has also introduced considerable volatility. Robinhood’s beta is ~2.4, indicating the stock is more than twice as volatile as the broader market [23]. Traders have experienced swift swings: for instance, HOOD spiked over 12% in late September on bullish news, then gave up a chunk of those gains in one volatile October session. Such moves suggest that sentiment can turn on a dime, and shareholders should be prepared for further choppiness. On a technical basis, even after the recent dip, Robinhood’s share price remains well above its key moving averages – as of early October, the 50-day average was around $110 and the 200-day near $79 [24], both far below the current price. This gap highlights the strength of the uptrend but also raises the risk of a deeper correction if momentum fades.
Financial Results Fueling the Surge
Underpinning Robinhood’s stock surge in 2025 has been dramatically improved financial performance. The company’s Q2 2025 earnings (reported in late July) blew past expectations. Revenue jumped 45% year-over-year to $989 million, while net income doubled to $386 million (equating to EPS of $0.42) [25]. These results handily beat analyst forecasts (consensus EPS was around $0.30 [26]) and showcased expanding profit margins. In fact, over the past twelve months Robinhood has generated roughly $3.6 billion in revenue and $1.8 billion in net profit – an impressive ~50% net margin that is high by industry standards [27].
Robinhood’s operational metrics in Q2 also hit new highs. Monthly active users and engagement are robust: funded accounts reached 26.5 million (up 10% year-on-year) and paid Robinhood Gold subscribers grew 76% to 3.5 million [28]. This helped drive a 34% increase in average revenue per user, as customers broaden their usage of the platform. Notably, crypto trading revenues nearly doubled in Q2 (to $160 million) amid a resurgence in digital asset markets [29], and options trading activity hit records (187 million contracts traded in September alone, per recent metrics). The June 2025 acquisition of Bitstamp – a European crypto exchange – contributed to this crypto growth by bringing in millions of new customers and higher-volume traders [30]. As Robinhood integrates Bitstamp, it gains not only additional trading volume but also regulatory licenses and infrastructure to serve institutional clients, bolstering its credibility in the crypto space [31].
Looking ahead, all eyes are on Q3 2025 results, set to be released in early November. Analysts are optimistic that Robinhood’s growth streak continued: consensus estimates foresee Q3 revenue around $1.13–$1.15 billion and EPS of ~$0.45–$0.50 [32]. Some analysts have even higher forecasts – for example, Citizens Financial models Q3 EPS at $0.62 (well above consensus) and expects a substantial earnings beat [33]. Any confirmation of such strength (or lack thereof) will likely move the stock. Robinhood’s management has hinted at strong trends continuing into Q3; the CFO noted in late July that customer net deposits accelerated to $6 billion in July (early Q3) alongside “strong trading across categories,” suggesting momentum carried into the second half of the year [34].
Major News and Developments in 2025
Product Expansion and Innovation
Robinhood has broadened its platform significantly in 2025, aiming to deepen engagement and attract new users. In early October, the company made a notable move into preferred stock trading by listing MicroStrategy’s series of “Strategy” preferred shares – the first preferred stocks available on Robinhood [35]. This came in response to retail investor demand and signals Robinhood’s intent to offer more than just common stocks and crypto. The brokerage also expanded its crypto offerings, adding several new cryptocurrencies for trading. Moreover, Robinhood introduced tokenized stock trading for users in Europe [36], allowing international customers to trade fractional tokenized shares of U.S. companies 24/7. CEO Vlad Tenev has articulated a vision of Robinhood as a global “financial super-app”, and these product rollouts align with that strategy of becoming a one-stop-shop for stocks, crypto, and beyond [37] [38].
Another innovation has been Robinhood’s venture into prediction markets. The company launched a feature allowing users to trade on predicted outcomes of events (e.g. sports or elections), which quickly gained traction and contributed to the stock’s rally in mid-2025 [39]. Management believes this could open a new revenue stream and further engage its largely millennial and Gen Z user base. Additionally, Robinhood has started beta testing “Robinhood Banking” services: high-yield savings accounts (around 4% APY) and debit cards for its Gold members [40]. While still in early rollout, this move into basic banking services is meant to increase customer “stickiness” by capturing more of their financial life on the app.
Outages, Competition, and Market Volatility
It hasn’t all been smooth sailing. On October 6, 2025, Robinhood suffered a major platform outage at the market’s open, leaving many users unable to execute trades for several hours [41]. The timing was unfortunate: that same day, Galaxy Digital (a crypto-financial firm) launched “GalaxyOne,” a rival trading platform offering commission-free stock and crypto trading along with high-yield interest accounts [42]. The outage, coupled with the buzz around a new competitor, put pressure on Robinhood’s stock – HOOD shares dipped ~1–2% on Oct 6 amid these developments [43]. While service was restored and the impact was short-lived, the incident underscored the operational risks Robinhood faces (the company experienced infamous outages during the 2020 trading frenzy as well). It also highlighted that competition in retail trading is heating up: Robinhood’s success has spawned many imitators, from traditional brokers eliminating commissions to fintech upstarts like Webull, SoFi, Cash App, and now GalaxyOne, all vying for young investors’ attention [44] [45].
Wider market forces have also influenced HOOD’s wild ride. The steep drop on Oct 10, 2025 (−8.9%) was driven by macro turmoil – specifically, news of potential U.S. tariff escalations against China triggered a tech sell-off, and high-beta names like Robinhood were hit hardest [46]. This episode showed that despite Robinhood’s strong fundamentals, the stock is not immune to broader market rotations or risk-off sentiment. With a relatively high volatility profile, HOOD can swing dramatically on macro headlines such as Federal Reserve policy shifts, inflation data, or geopolitical events. Investors in Robinhood should be mindful that external market conditions can amplify moves in the stock, both up and down.
Regulatory and Legal Updates
Regulatory scrutiny remains a constant theme for Robinhood. In January 2025, the SEC fined Robinhood $45 million to settle a series of allegations against its broker-dealer units [47]. The regulators found that Robinhood had violated various rules – from Reg SHO (which governs short-selling activity) to recordkeeping requirements and even cybersecurity provisions [48]. Robinhood agreed to pay the fine without admitting wrongdoing, and has stated it invested heavily in compliance to address these issues. This wasn’t Robinhood’s first run-in with regulators (it paid a $70 million FINRA fine in 2021), and it highlights the ongoing compliance risks for a fast-growing fintech in a heavily regulated industry.
On a brighter note, in February 2025 the SEC closed its probe into Robinhood’s cryptocurrency business with no enforcement action [49]. This was a relief for the company and investors. The crypto unit had been under a cloud since 2024 when Robinhood received a “Wells notice” warning of a possible SEC action over its digital asset offerings. The closure of the inquiry suggests that regulators are possibly adopting clearer guidelines for crypto trading platforms, or at least that Robinhood was able to satisfy the SEC’s concerns. One expert remarked that the easing regulatory stance “is likely to boost investor confidence” in Robinhood’s crypto expansion plans [50]. Indeed, with crypto now a significant part of its business, clarity from regulators allows Robinhood to push forward on initiatives like offering crypto staking and integrating tokenized stocks.
Despite this positive development, Robinhood is not entirely out of the regulatory woods. Payment for order flow (PFOF) – the practice through which Robinhood earns much of its revenue by routing customer trades to market makers for a fee – remains controversial and under political scrutiny. No ban or rule change has materialized, but any future move to restrict PFOF (as was debated by the SEC in 2022–23) could pose a risk to Robinhood’s revenue model. Additionally, state regulators and the SEC continue to keep an eye on Robinhood’s operational resiliency (in light of outages) and customer protection practices. Robinhood’s ability to navigate these regulatory currents will be key to its long-term trajectory.
Strategic Partnerships and Acquisitions
Robinhood has complemented its organic growth with strategic deals in 2025. The most significant was its acquisition of Bitstamp, one of the world’s oldest cryptocurrency exchanges. Announced in May and completed in June 2025, the roughly $200 million deal brings Bitstamp’s international user base and licenses under Robinhood’s umbrella [51]. Bitstamp operates in the EU, UK, U.S., and Asia, providing Robinhood a fast-track into markets that might have taken years to enter organically. The acquisition instantly gave Robinhood access to 50+ regulatory licenses worldwide and an institutional-grade exchange infrastructure [52]. Already, the payoff is evident: in Q2, about $7 billion of Robinhood’s crypto trading volume came via Bitstamp’s platform [53], and Robinhood launched new services like crypto staking in the U.S. and stock tokenization in Europe leveraging Bitstamp’s tech [54]. Essentially, Bitstamp has become Robinhood’s vehicle to serve more advanced crypto traders and international customers without diluting the core app’s simplicity for U.S. retail users.
On the partnerships front, Robinhood has been relatively selective. Instead of large-scale joint ventures, the company has focused on integrating services in-house (as seen with the banking features and expanding asset classes). That said, Robinhood did collaborate with financial institutions on its IRA retirement accounts (launched late 2023) and reportedly with fintech partners on its upcoming credit card offering. Also, in the crypto realm, Robinhood’s partnership with Chainalysis for compliance and with Paxos for trade settlement (earlier in 2024) set the stage for its more recent crypto initiatives. While not headline-grabbing partnerships, these have helped Robinhood scale new products quickly while staying compliant. Given Robinhood’s ambitions, more acquisitions or partnerships could be on the horizon – for instance, analysts speculate it could partner with a traditional bank or fintech to further its banking and lending capabilities, or even pursue M&A (some have floated names like SoFi or Interactive Brokers as long-term complements/competitors [55]).
Leadership and Organizational Notes
There have been no major C-suite changes at Robinhood in 2025 – Vlad Tenev remains CEO and co-founder Baiju Bhatt is still involved (notably as Chief Creative Officer). However, the company did make news with an internal policy shift: in August, Tenev rolled out stricter return-to-office (RTO) requirements for top executives, mandating senior leadership to work from the office five days a week [56]. This was a reversal from Robinhood’s prior remote-friendly stance and was intended to set an example for the rest of the staff. While not directly impacting investors, it shows Robinhood maturing from a startup culture to a more traditional corporate structure as it scales. The leadership’s focus appears to be on execution – scaling the platform reliably, navigating regulation, and continuing product innovation – to justify the stock’s hefty valuation.
Expert Commentary and Stock Forecasts
Wall Street analysts are notably split between enthusiasm for Robinhood’s growth and caution about its stock price. The overall sentiment can be characterized as bullish fundamentals, wary valuation. According to MarketBeat data, Robinhood has a “Moderate Buy” consensus with 20 analysts currently covering the stock [57]. Within that, there is a skew toward buys, but also a minority who advise holding or selling at these levels. The average 12-month price target is around $119 per share [58], which is actually below the recent trading price (~$139–$150). This indicates that many analysts feel the stock’s huge 2025 run has outpaced its near-term fundamentals – a sentiment summed up by one analyst who said “much of the good news is already priced in” [59].
On the bullish side, price targets have been racing higher as Robinhood delivers strong results. In just the last couple of months, several banks upgraded their targets: Barclays to $120, Mizuho to $145, Goldman Sachs to $152, Morgan Stanley to $146, and Bank of America to $157 [60]. Perhaps the most bullish outlook comes from Citizens Financial, whose analyst Devin Ryan recently hiked his target to $170 (from $130) while reiterating an Outperform rating [61]. Ryan argues that Robinhood can continue beating earnings estimates and noted the company “has been a continual beat-and-raise story.” He sees “many aspects of earnings upside over the next couple of years that are barely in models at this point,” suggesting that Wall Street underestimates Robinhood’s future growth drivers [62]. Such optimism is rooted in Robinhood’s accelerating revenues, new product monetization (like cash sweep interest and subscriptions), and potential international expansion gains. If those bullish scenarios play out, some believe HOOD could have more room to run even after its 200%+ YTD climb.
However, there are also skeptics and outright bears in the mix. Rothschild Redburn, for example, has maintained a rare Sell rating on Robinhood, with a price target of just $68 – less than half the current price [63]. The bearish thesis centers on valuation and sustainability: with the stock trading around 60–70 times current earnings, bears argue the margin for error is thin. A noted Seeking Alpha analyst recently echoed this, rating HOOD stock a Sell due to “overvaluation and a risk-reward profile skewed toward a likely price correction.” [64] Bears point out that a significant portion of Robinhood’s revenue still comes from transaction-dependent sources (trading activity, payment for order flow, etc.) which can be volatile; if the 2021-style retail trading frenzy fades or if crypto markets stall, Robinhood’s growth could slow considerably. Additionally, competition is increasing (which could pressure margins or market share over time) and regulatory changes remain a wildcard. These risks lead some analysts to argue the stock’s current price embeds overly rosy assumptions. In essence, the bearish view is that Robinhood’s business is good – but not so good as to justify a $140+ share price today.
It’s worth noting that even among generally bullish analysts, there is a tone of caution about near-term upside. For instance, Citigroup upgraded the stock in September yet admitted the rally had likely fully valued Robinhood at around $135 [65]. Many analysts are encouraging investors to take a longer-term view rather than chase the stock in the short run. On average, 2025 EPS is expected to be about $1.75–$2.00, rising to around $2.30 in 2026 [66]. That implies the stock is trading at ~70x this year’s earnings and ~60x next year’s – high multiples that assume continued rapid growth. Any stumble in execution (e.g., a revenue miss or a slowdown in user growth) could lead to a sharp correction, as the bears warn.
Technical Analysis and Short-Term Outlook
From a technical analysis perspective, Robinhood’s chart has been in a powerful uptrend for most of 2025, but recent signals suggest some cooling off in the near term. Before the October pullback, momentum indicators were flashing overheated levels – notably, the 14-day Relative Strength Index (RSI) for HOOD spiked above 70 (commonly viewed as “overbought”) in early October [67]. The subsequent sell-off brought the RSI back down toward the 30s, near “oversold” territory [68], which could indicate the worst of the short-term correction might be over. Still, the stock’s unabated climb through most of the year left it trading far above moving averages and historical trendlines, so a period of consolidation would be technically healthy. As mentioned, the 50-day moving average (~$110) is well below the current price, and even after sliding to the $130s, HOOD trades at roughly 1.25× its 50-day average and nearly 2× its 200-day average [69]. Such a wide gap often narrows either through a price pullback or a sideways grind as the averages catch up.
In the very short term, traders are watching whether Robinhood’s stock can hold support in the mid-$130s. That area roughly coincides with the late September breakout levels and has thus far acted as a floor after the Oct 10 drop. A decisive break below $130 could signal a deeper correction, with potential support next around the $110-$120 zone (closer to the 50-day average and also the analysts’ average target). Conversely, on the upside, resistance is likely around $150–$153 (the recent high). If positive news – for example, a big Q3 earnings beat or easing macro fears – propels HOOD back above $153, it could mark a fresh breakout and continuation of the uptrend.
Expect elevated volatility around upcoming catalysts. The Q3 earnings report in early November is the most immediate event. Strong results (and guidance) could reignite bullish momentum, especially if Robinhood demonstrates growth in areas like crypto trading or new products beyond what’s already anticipated. On the other hand, any hint of plateauing user growth or lighter revenue could spook investors given the high expectations baked into the stock. Beyond earnings, macroeconomic news will continue to sway HOOD disproportionately – with a beta ~2.4, Robinhood shares tend to exaggerate market movements [70]. Heightened volatility in broader indices, shifts in interest rate outlook, or geopolitical developments (e.g., trade policy, elections) can all cause outsized swings in sentiment for a stock like HOOD.
The consensus among market technicians is that some consolidation would be healthy after the relentless 2025 rally [71]. In fact, since late 2023, Robinhood’s stock had been steadily climbing without a major correction, so the recent pullback may simply be a needed breather. Short-term traders might look to trade the range – buying near support and taking profits as it approaches resistance – until a new trend direction is confirmed. Given the stock’s strong fundamentals, bulls see any further dips as potential buying opportunities, while bears see them as the start of a more significant mean-reversion. In summary, near-term outlook: choppy trading is likely to continue, with a cautious tone prevailing unless a new catalyst tilts the balance decisively bullish or bearish.
Long-Term Outlook and Investment Considerations
Zooming out, Robinhood’s long-term investment outlook presents a mix of enticing growth prospects and notable risks. On the bullish side, the company’s fundamental trajectory is strong. Robinhood has transformed from a disruptor with big losses (post-IPO) into a profitable fintech leader in just a few years. It is riding secular tailwinds: the rise of retail investing (millions of new investors entering the market) and increasing crypto adoption play directly to Robinhood’s strengths [72]. Its inclusion in the S&P 500 in 2025 was seen as a “watershed moment” for the fintech sector [73] – clear recognition that Robinhood is now a mainstay in American finance. This credibility could attract more institutional investors to the stock over time and possibly new types of customers to the platform (e.g. older, higher-net-worth individuals who previously stuck with legacy brokers).
Robinhood’s growth strategy provides multiple avenues for future expansion. International markets are a significant opportunity – the company has begun expanding in Europe (UK, EU) and Canada, with plans to broaden its global footprint [74]. Its foray into crypto (bolstered by Bitstamp) and potential new asset classes (like tokenized assets, prediction markets, retirement products) mean Robinhood could increase the lifetime value of its customers by cross-selling more services. The user demographics also favor Robinhood: it has a younger user base relative to traditional brokerages, giving it a chance to be the financial app of choice for a new generation as they grow their wealth. If Robinhood can continue innovating (for example, leveraging blockchain for 24/7 trading or offering loans/mortgages through partners), some analysts argue it could “grow into” its high valuation over the coming years [75]. In bullish scenarios, HOOD might be seen not just as a brokerage, but as a broad financial platform with banking, investing, and crypto all integrated – capturing an ever-larger share of the financial services wallet from its millions of users.
That said, the risks and challenges in the long run are equally important to consider. Valuation is chief among them: at ~$140/share, Robinhood trades around 70× current earnings and over 40× forward earnings, extremely rich multiples unless growth stays extraordinarily high [76]. Its PEG ratio (P/E to growth rate) is above 4, indicating the stock’s price is baking in years of rapid expansion [77]. Any slowdown – for instance, if trading activity normalizes or if revenue growth decelerates as the user base matures – could lead to a significant de-rating of the stock’s multiples. We saw a preview of this in 2022 when Robinhood’s user engagement dipped after the meme-stock craze, and the stock fell sharply. Thus, maintaining growth to justify the valuation is a perpetual pressure on the company.
Competition and margin pressure form another long-term concern. While Robinhood currently enjoys strong growth, competitors from all sides are gunning for its market. Traditional firms like Charles Schwab and Fidelity have copied the zero-commission model and still dominate in assets under custody (especially among older investors). Fintech peers like SoFi, Cash App, Webull, and others are innovating quickly and often offer a broader suite of financial products (for example, SoFi does banking, loans, and investing). If these rivals lure away users or force Robinhood to spend more on marketing and feature development, that could squeeze profitability. Moreover, new entrants can emerge – as seen with Galaxy Digital’s GalaxyOne and even rumors of companies like PayPal or Square (Block) potentially expanding further into retail trading. Robinhood will need to continuously adapt to stay ahead, which could mean higher expenses or lower fees (and thus lower revenue per user) in a competitive tussle.
Regulatory changes remain an ever-present wild card. If regulators in the U.S. or abroad decide to crack down on aspects of Robinhood’s model (for instance, by banning PFOF, imposing strict crypto trading rules, or enforcing tougher capital requirements), it could directly impact revenues and costs. Robinhood’s international expansion also subjects it to oversight by many different regulators (European, UK, Canadian, etc.), adding complexity. The company’s future plans to possibly allow 24/7 trading or blockchain-based trading of stocks (something the SEC is considering rules for [78]) will require navigating uncharted regulatory waters. Long-term investors must keep an eye on these developments, as they could either open new doors (e.g., if tokenized stock trading becomes mainstream, Robinhood is positioning to lead) or raise new barriers (e.g., if payment for order flow is curtailed, Robinhood would need new revenue sources).
Bottom line: Robinhood has undeniably emerged as a major player in fintech – disruptive, innovative, and now profitable. The company’s growth in 2025 has been exceptional, and its stock rewarded accordingly. For long-term believers, Robinhood offers a unique story combining fintech innovation with a large and engaged user base, and potentially significant expansion runway (geographically and in product depth). For the skeptics, the current stock price reflects near-perfection and leaves little margin for error if growth even modestly disappoints. Most analysts, while positive on Robinhood’s execution, temper their long-term price forecasts to around $120 [79], suggesting the stock may need to “grow into” its valuation or take a breather while fundamentals catch up.
Investors considering HOOD for the long haul may want to follow a few guideposts. Buying on dips rather than at peaks could improve future returns, given the stock’s tendency for sharp swings [80]. Watching user growth metrics and engagement (trading volumes, assets under custody) will be key to gauging whether Robinhood can sustain its momentum as the pandemic-era trading boom becomes a more normalized environment. Also, keep an eye on upcoming earnings reports and guidance – continued “beat and raise” quarters (as bulls expect) would justify optimism, whereas any hiccup might validate the bears. Finally, monitor how effectively Robinhood expands its ecosystem (banking products, international markets, crypto services) because that will likely determine whether this company is a future financial super-app juggernaut or simply a great trading platform in a crowded field.
Sources: Key information and quotes were drawn from an aggregation of reports including ts2.tech analysis [81] [82] [83] [84], Reuters news on Robinhood’s S&P 500 inclusion [85] and SEC actions [86] [87], Investing.com and MarketBeat data on analyst forecasts [88] [89], and Robinhood’s own financial disclosures. (All data is up to date as of October 11, 2025.)
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