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financial history

Vanguard’s Crypto U-Turn: $10T Giant Opens Doors to Bitcoin ETFs

Is Bitcoin the Biggest Speculative Bubble in History?

Understanding Speculative Bubbles A speculative bubble occurs when asset prices surge far beyond their intrinsic value, driven by exuberant investor behavior. Such bubbles often rely on the “greater fool” theory – investors buy overvalued assets hoping to sell to someone else at an even higher price. Eventually, reality sets in, demand evaporates, and prices plummet, inflicting heavy losses on those left holding the asset. Throughout history, financial manias have demonstrated the psychology of bubbles: a rapid rise fueled by frenzy and FOMO (fear of missing out), followed by a dramatic crash when confidence collapses. Below are some of the most notorious examples
Euronext Paris Shocks Markets with Historic Roots, Surging Stocks & Bold 2025 Moves

Euronext Paris Shocks Markets with Historic Roots, Surging Stocks & Bold 2025 Moves

Historical Evolution: From Paris Bourse to Euronext Paris Euronext Paris traces its origins back over 300 years. The exchange was formally established by royal decree in 1724, making it one of the oldest in the world en.wikipedia.org. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the Paris Bourse (as it was known) was France’s central marketplace for stocks and bonds. It operated via open-outcry trading on the floor of the Palais Brongniart well into the 1980s en.wikipedia.org. By 1986, Paris began shifting to electronic trading, introducing a system called CAC (Continuous Assisted Trading) which fully automated quotations by 1989 en.wikipedia.org. This early
Euronext Amsterdam Soars to New Heights: Europe’s Oldest Exchange Making History

Euronext Amsterdam Soars to New Heights: Europe’s Oldest Exchange Making History

Euronext Amsterdam: Overview and Historical Significance Euronext Amsterdam is the Amsterdam-based stock exchange and one of the principal markets within the pan-European Euronext group. It traces its roots back over four centuries, giving it a unique historical significance. Founded in 1602 as the Amsterdam Stock Exchange, it facilitated trade in shares of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and is often cited as the world’s first formal stock market en.wikipedia.org. The exchange pioneered many concepts of modern finance – from continuous trade in company equity to investor speculation – helping Amsterdam become a cradle of early capitalism. By 1913, the
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