sanctions

Sanctions Send Iran’s Rial Tumbling – Dollar Skyrockets to 1.1 Million on the Black Market (قیمت دلار)

Official vs. Open-Market Rates Iran’s official rate (set by the Central Bank for government transactions) has been gradually devalued but remains far below the free-market price. After years of a fixed IRR 42,000/USD “budget rate,” by early 2025 the CBI’s end-of-period rate was about IRR 545,700/USD ceicdata.com (still heavily managed). Meanwhile, Iran introduced an Electronic Trading System (ETS) where banks and exporters trade dollars in a semi-controlled manner. The ETS rate in 2025 has been around IRR 600,000–700,000 iranintl.com rudaw.net (this roughly matches what exporters and importers see in practice for non-subsidized goods). By contrast, street (parallel) rates – widely quoted by currency

3 October 2025

Iran’s Rial Crisis Deepens: USD Soars Past 1.08 Million on Black Market Amid Sanctions Fears (قیمت دلار)

Official vs. Black-Market Rates in Iran Iran’s currency regime is highly tiered. State-backed exchange systems (for imports of essentials) quoted about 561,700 rials per $1 on Sept 27 trend.az. In currency shops (the SANA system) and the NIMA forex platform, $1 was around 692,500–719,800 rials during Sep 25–27 trend.az trend.az. By contrast, the free (open) market rate was vastly weaker – ~1,050,000–1,085,000 rials per $1. Bonbast and alanchand trackers showed prices spiking to ~1,085,500 IRR (108,550 tomans) on Sept 26 intellinews.com criticalthreats.org and holding above 1.08 million on Sept 27 trend.az trend.az. In short, Iranians needed roughly twice as many

27 September 2025

Black Market · Currency Crisis · Economy · Iran · Sanctions

From Sputnik to Sanctions: Inside Russia’s Space & Satellite Industry 2025

Key Facts History of Russia’s Space Industry: From Soviet Pioneers to Post-Soviet Turbulence Russia’s space enterprise is anchored in the Soviet Union’s legendary space program, which set many historic milestones. The USSR built a formidable space infrastructure – at its peak in 1989, space spending was 1.5% of Soviet GDP en.wikipedia.org – achieving the first satellite (Sputnik), first human in orbit (Yuri Gagarin), first spacewalk, and launching robust programs like Soyuz crewed spacecraft and Salyut/Mir space stations. Soviet design bureaus (Energia, Chelomei’s OKB, Lavochkin, etc.) and manufacturing plants sprang up across the union, forming the backbone of today’s industry. The

6 September 2025

Industry · Russia · Sanctions · Satellites · Space