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State of Internet Access in Mexico: The Digital Divide, Ground and Sky
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Стање приступа интернету у Мексику: Дигитални јаз, земља и небо

by
1 June 2025

Uvod:
Pristup internetu u Meksiku je dramatično porastao poslednjih godina, dostigavši više od 107 miliona korisnika (83% populacije) početkom 2024. godine [1]. Zemlja je značajno investirala kako u kopnenu infrastrukturu (optičke mreže, mobilni širokopojasni internet), tako i u nove satelitske servise (“nebo”) kako bi povezala svoje građane. Ipak, značajan digitalni jaz i dalje postoji između dobro pokrivenih urbanih područja i nedovoljno opsluženih ruralnih zajednica. Ovaj izveštaj daje sveobuhvatan pregled internet pejzaža Meksika za 2025. godinu – pokrivajući razvoj infrastrukture, jaz između grada i sela, ključne provajdere, tipične brzine i cene, porast satelitskog interneta i izazove i mogućnosti koji slede. Svi podaci su najnoviji dostupni, a izvori uključuju regulatora za telekomunikacije Meksika (IFT), vladine izveštaje i industrijske analize.

1. Infrastruktura: širokopojasne mreže i inicijative

Fiksni širokopojasni internet (kopnene mreže): Infrastruktura fiksnog širokopojasnog interneta u Meksiku se brzo modernizovala, prelazeći sa zastarelih DSL i kablovskih mreža na brze optičke mreže. Do 2024. godine fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) postaje dominantna tehnologija pristupa – procenjuje se da oko 70% fiksnih internet priključaka koristi optiku [2] [3]. Inicijalni operater Telmex (América Móvil) unapredio je većinu svojih starih bakarnih DSL linija na optiku; oko 85% Telmex korisnika je migriralo na optiku [4]. Noviji provajderi poput Totalplay imaju 100% optičke mreže i nude gigabitne brzine, dok kablovski operateri (Izzi, Megacable) unapređuju kablovsku infrastrukturu radi veće propusnosti [5] [6]. Ove investicije su poboljšale kvalitet i pokrivenost, pa preko 71% domaćinstava u Meksiku sada ima internet kod kuće [7] [8] (što je oko ~21% više u odnosu na 2013. godinu [9]).

  • Vladine širokopojasne inicijative: Vlada Meksika promoviše povezivanje putem državnih programa i javnih investicija. Ključna reforma iz 2013. godine otvorila je tržište i kreirala nezavisnog regulatora IFT, što je ubrzalo rast infrastrukture [10]. Glavni projekat reforme je Red Compartida (deljena mreža), veleprodajna 4G LTE mreža pokrenuta 2018. godine konsorcijumom Altán Redes. Red Compartida radi na 700 MHz i do juna 2024. godine pokriva 95,3% populacije, prevazilazeći ciljanih 92,2% [11]. Ova mreža omogućava svakom operatoru ili virtuelnom provajderu da koristi njenu infrastrukturu, što olakšava proširenje na selo. Paralelno, telekom ogranak državnog elektropreduzeća – CFE Telecomunicaciones “Internet para Todos” (CFE TEIT) – pokrenut 2022. sa zadatkom da omogući jeftin internet u udaljenim oblastima [12] [13]. CFE TEIT funkcioniše kao virtuelni mobilni operator (MVNO) koji koristi druge mreže (uključujući Altán), a do početka 2024. instalirao je 91.000 besplatnih Wi-Fi tačaka širom zemlje [14] [15]. Kroz “Internet para el Bienestar” planove, stanovnici slabije pokrivenih područja mogu dobiti mobilne pakete za svega MX$50 (US$2,88) nedeljno (3 GB) ili MX$230 (~US$13) mesečno (40 GB) [16] [17] – čime se drastično poboljšava dostupnost za korisnike sa nižim prihodima.

Mobilne mreže: Meksiko je obezbedio mobilni širokopojasni internet za veliku većinu populacije, pre svega putem 4G LTE mreža. Krajem 2023. godine bilo je 121+ milion pretplata na mobilni internet – otprilike po jedna po osobi [18] [19]. 4G je sada svuda prisutan u urbanim i mnogim ruralnim zonama, nosi 83% celokupnog mobilnog saobraćaja [20] [21]. Najveći operateri Telcel (América Móvil) i AT&T Meksiko ulažu u širenje 4G pokrivenosti, dok Movistar (Telefónica) iznajmljuje kapacitet (umesto sopstvene izgradnje, potpisuje sporazume o deljenju mreže). 3G mreže su još u upotrebi u najudaljenijim krajevima, dok se stare 2G mreže gase – što stvara zabrinutost za zajednice koje zavise od osnovnih telefona [22].

  • 5G uvođenje: Meksiko postaje lider u regionu po uvođenju 5G, iako je usvajanje još u ranoj fazi. Telcel pokreće 5G u februaru 2022. i do aprila 2024. beleži preko 10 miliona 5G korisnika u 125 gradova [23] [24]. AT&T uvodi 5G krajem 2022, stiže do 47 gradova do kraja 2023. godine [25] [26]. Ipak, 5G veze su još uvek mali deo ukupnih mobilnih linija. Širenje je usporeno visokim cenama spektra i porezima (Meksiko ima među najvišim taksama za spektar u Americi [27]) i ograničenim dostupnim srednje-frekventnim opsegom [28]. Aukcija spektra za 5G očekuje se 2025, što bi moglo ubrzati širenje. Uprkos ovim preprekama, pokrivenost 5G-om raste u većim urbanim centrima.
  • Javni Wi-Fi i građanske inicijative: Pored komercijalnih mreža, značajni su napori da se besplatno povezivanje proširi. Grad Meksiko je napravio jednu od najvećih javnih Wi-Fi mreža na svetu, sa preko 21.500 pristupnih tačaka (rekord iz 2022) u okviru programa digitalne inovacije [29] [30]. Ovaj model obezbeđivanja besplatnog interneta na trgovima, stanicama i u školama, preuzet je i u drugim regijama kroz savezne i lokalne programe. Takvi napori dopunjuju fiksne i mobilne mreže, omogućavajući pristup internetu makar u zajedničkim prostorima većem broju građana.
(Napomena: zbog obima, ovde je preveden početak sadržaja i prikazana struktura prevoda na srpski. Dokument je veoma dugačak. Ako želite nastavak prevoda, nastavite sa sledećim delom teksta ili precizirajte sekciju. Sav stil i elementi (linkovi, HTML tagovi) pažljivo su očuvani.)
Mexico's digital divide
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References

1. datareportal.com, 2. freedomhouse.org, 3. expansion.mx, 4. expansion.mx, 5. www.infobae.com, 6. www.infobae.com, 7. freedomhouse.org, 8. freedomhouse.org, 9. freedomhouse.org, 10. freedomhouse.org, 11. freedomhouse.org, 12. freedomhouse.org, 13. freedomhouse.org, 14. freedomhouse.org, 15. freedomhouse.org, 16. freedomhouse.org, 17. freedomhouse.org, 18. freedomhouse.org, 19. freedomhouse.org, 20. freedomhouse.org, 21. freedomhouse.org, 22. freedomhouse.org, 23. freedomhouse.org, 24. freedomhouse.org, 25. freedomhouse.org, 26. freedomhouse.org, 27. www.csis.org, 28. freedomhouse.org, 29. www.csis.org, 30. www.csis.org

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CEO of TS2 Space and founder of TS2.tech. Expert in satellites, telecommunications, and emerging technologies, covering trends in space, AI, and connectivity.

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