Over 50% of subscribers are already on fiber, with Telecom Italia San Marino planning to retire all copper DSL by 2027. San Marino achieved full nationwide 5G coverage by the end of 2018, making it Europe’s first country with nationwide 5G. The internet market is highly concentrated, with Telecom Italia San Marino (TISM) controlling about…
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From 2025 to 2030, ground control shifts from hardware-centric architectures to cloud-enabled, software-defined infrastructure via Ground-Station-as-a-Service (GSaaS). The global satellite ground station market is projected to grow from about $56 billion in 2022 to $125 billion by 2030. AWS Ground Station and Microsoft Azure Orbital provide pay-per-use, cloud-connected antennas that deliver downlinks directly into cloud…
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Historical Development Current State of Internet Infrastructure Dominican Republic internet penetration is high (~89% in 2024 datareportal.com), driven mostly by mobile broadband. As of mid-2023 there were 8.94 million mobile‑broadband subscriptions (about 73% of the population) versus only ~1.09 million fixed‑broadband lines (≈9%) trade.gov. Fixed broadband is available via fiber, cable and DSL in urban/suburban areas, while…
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Cablenet’s hybrid fiber-coax (HFC) network passes around 80% of premises in Cyprus. Fiber-to-the-Premises (FTTP) rollouts are underway with a target to reach 200,000 gigabit-capable premises nationwide. Cyprus’s four mobile network operators are Cyta (Cytamobile-Vodafone), Epic, PrimeTel, and Cablenet. By end-2022 Cyprus achieved 100% 5G coverage in populated areas, with Cyta claiming full-population 5G coverage. Starlink…
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Fiber-to-the-premises reach about 88% of Danish households as of early 2024, up from just over 84% in mid-2023. DSL coverage has declined to around 87–89% as copper networks are retired, with full decommission planned by 2030. Hybrid fiber-coaxial cable networks upgraded to DOCSIS 3.1 now cover roughly two-thirds of households, with rural fiber reach around…
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The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope is planned to launch in late 2026 (latest commitment by May 2027) aboard SpaceX’s Falcon Heavy to a halo orbit around the Sun-Earth L2, about 1.5 million kilometers from Earth. Roman uses a 2.4-meter primary mirror repurposed from Hubble and a 300-megapixel Wide Field Instrument that covers about 0.28…
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NASA’s Hyperion, launched in 2000 on the EO-1 satellite, collected 220 spectral bands from 400 to 2500 nm at 30 m resolution. A hyperspectral data cube stacks hundreds of narrow wavelength bands for every ground pixel, creating a two-dimensional spatial image plus a spectral dimension. Hyperspectral imaging records hundreds of narrow bands (often 10 nm…
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GSSAP-1 and GSSAP-2 were launched on July 28, 2014 aboard a Delta IV M+(4,2) from Cape Canaveral, accompanied by the ANGELS experimental satellite. The GSSAP satellites operate in near-geosynchronous orbit roughly 35,900 km (22,300 miles) above Earth and function as a “neighborhood watch” for the GEO belt, providing space situational awareness to USSPACECOM. Built by…
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Geostationary orbit sits at about 35,786 km above the equator and completes a sidereal day (~23h56m), so satellites appear fixed over one longitude; Arthur C. Clarke popularized it in 1945, giving the region the nickname the Clarke Belt. A GEO satellite remains stationary relative to the ground, allowing ground antennas to point at a fixed…
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By early 2025, about 93.5% of Canadian households have access to high‑speed internet (50 Mbps down/10 Mbps up), up from 79% in 2014. The Universal Broadband Fund (UBF) started in 2020 with a $3.225 billion budget and targets 98% of households with 50/10 by 2026 and 100% by 2030. Bell Canada had fiber passed to…
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