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Data Science News 2 July 2025 - 20 September 2025

Exposing AI Bias: 10 Powerful Ways to Fight Algorithmic Discrimination

Exposing AI Bias: 10 Powerful Ways to Fight Algorithmic Discrimination

Understanding Algorithmic Bias Algorithmic bias refers to systematic errors or prejudices in AI systems that result in unfair outcomes. Despite the common myth that algorithms are neutral and objective, they are in fact products of human choices at every step – from the data used to train them to the definition of “success” they optimize. As data scientist Cathy O’Neil famously put it, “Algorithms are opinions embedded in code”. In other words, if an AI is fed historical data that reflects societal biases, or if its design prioritizes certain metrics over fairness, the algorithm can end up perpetuating and even
How Machine Learning Works and Why It’s Changing Everything in 2025

How Machine Learning Works and Why It’s Changing Everything in 2025

Supervised learning trains on labeled data to predict outputs, enabling tasks like spam detection, house-price prediction, and cat image recognition with labeled photos. Unsupervised learning finds structure without labels, enabling clustering of news articles by topic and customer segmentation into similar behavior groups. Reinforcement learning trains an agent by interacting with an environment to maximize rewards, powering autonomous decisions in self-driving cars and game AI. Neural networks, especially deep neural networks, consist of multiple layers of interconnected nodes that progressively extract higher-level features for image, speech, and language tasks. Overfitting occurs when a model memorizes training data and fails to
AI vs Data Science: Shocking Differences, Surprising Overlaps, and the 2025 Showdown

AI vs Data Science: Shocking Differences, Surprising Overlaps, and the 2025 Showdown

In 2024, 78% of organizations reported using some form of AI, up from 55% in 2023, according to Stanford’s AI Index. Stanford’s 2025 AI Index notes that the inference cost for running models at GPT‑3.5 level fell about 280× from late 2022 to late 2024, enabling cheaper deployment. The European Union’s AI Act entered into force in August 2024, banning systems posing an unacceptable risk and requiring high‑risk AI to disclose AI‑generated content and publish summaries of copyrighted training data, with full compliance by 2026. JPMorgan’s COiN (Contract Intelligence) AI system reviews legal documents and has reduced the time lawyers
AI Specialist Salaries in 2024–2025: A Comprehensive Report

AI Specialist Salaries in 2024–2025: A Comprehensive Report

In the United States, data scientists average about $156,790 in total pay annually, with New York around $160,000 and San Francisco topping $178,000. Switzerland leads Europe with data scientists averaging about $143,360 per year. OpenAI compensation data shows a median total of about $875,000, with entry-level around $238,000 and senior levels around $1.34 million, and top researchers sometimes earning over $10 million. Google DeepMind has offered top researchers up to $20 million per year, with London-based researchers previously earning around £295,000 including bonuses. Meta has reportedly offered top researchers multi-year packages up to $100 million, and by 2025 some top
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