Category: International Relations

In the 48 hours before U.S. B‑2 bombers punched bunker‑busting holes into Iran’s Fordow, Natanz and Isfahan complexes, a burst of commercial‑satellite photos captured trucks, bulldozers and security convoys swarming Fordow’s tunnel mouths. Analysts read the pictures as a frantic effort to shift centrifuges or shielding materials—clues that helped tip Washington’s calculus toward a lightning strike.…
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A wave of newly released commercial‐satellite photographs confirms that the 21 June 2025 U.S. strike package—which used B‑2‑launched GBU‑57 “bunker‑busters” and sea‑launched Tomahawks—badly damaged key above‑ground infrastructure at Iran’s Natanz and Isfahan complexes and cut external power to the otherwise deeply buried Fordow enrichment halls. Taken together with on‑the‑record assessments from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)…
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A new tranche of commercial satellite shots has torn the secrecy veil from Israel’s eight‑day air war inside Iran, confirming crippling damage to nuclear, missile and command sites. Independent analysts say Tehran’s premier heavy‑water reactor complex, multiple centrifuge workshops and at least two hardened missile bases have been “neutralised,” while Iranian retaliation has peppered Israeli…
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Iranian Space Agency (ISA) History and Founding Timeline Iran’s involvement in space activities dates back to the late 1950s, when it became a founding member of the U.N. Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space in 1958 en.wikipedia.org. Early efforts focused on satellite communications and remote sensing: by 1976, Iran had established a “Remote…
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Introduction Iran’s nuclear program has evolved from a U.S.-backed research initiative in the 1950s into one of the world’s most contentious proliferation challenges. Over seven decades, Iran has moved from peaceful nuclear cooperation under the Shah to a secretive post-revolution quest that alarmed the world. International negotiations, sanctions, and covert actions have punctuated this saga,…
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General Internet Infrastructure and Major Service Providers Sudan’s internet infrastructure relies on a national fiber-optic backbone and international gateways centered at Port Sudan. The country is connected to several submarine cables, including the East Africa Submarine System (EASSy) and FLAG/FALCON networks, which land at the Red Sea coast​ en.wikipedia.org. Terrestrial fiber links extend to neighboring…
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