Engineered Living Therapeutics: How “Bugs as Drugs” Are Transforming Medicine in 2025

Imagine treating disease by swallowing a pill full of programmed bacteria that take up residence in your gut and produce medicines from within. This sci-fi concept is rapidly becoming reality. Engineered Living Therapeutics refer to any modified live cells – from microbes to human immune cells – that are used as treatment. Instead of manufacturing a drug in a factory, ELTs turn a living cell into the drug factory inside the patient. In 2025, this field has exploded into the spotlight: the World Economic Forum identified ELTs as one of the year’s top emerging technologies, noting these living medicines offer targeted, sustained therapy with potentially fewer side effects than conventional drugs weforum.org. The promise is especially high for chronic diseases: a cell implanted or ingested once might provide continuous therapy, reducing the need for daily pills or injections weforum.org.