Bridging 5G and Space: Inside France 2030’s End-to-End NTN Pilot With Dual LEO Satellites
France 2030, launched in 2021 as a €30 billion investment plan, prioritizes converging 5G with space through end-to-end NTN pilots. The European Commission’s IRIS² programme, approved in 2022, will deploy hundreds of satellites (about 270 LEO and 18 MEO) and
Cosmic IoT Revolution: How Optimized Satellite Constellations Are Connecting Every Corner of Earth
Starlink has over 7,500 active LEO satellites as of 2025 at about 550 km altitude, with plans to up to 42,000, uses Ku/Ka bands and laser inter-satellite links, and is piloting Direct-to-Cell IoT connectivity with latency around 20–50 ms. OneWeb