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Transformer Titans: GPT-4, GPT-5 and OpenAI’s Model Innovations OpenAI’s AI engines are built on the transformer architecture, a breakthrough design first introduced by Google researchers in 2017 (the famous “Attention Is All You Need” paper). At its core, a transformer model processes text by considering the relationships between all words in a sentence (self-attention), allowing it to understand context far more effectively than prior neural networks. OpenAI’s Generative Pre-trained Transformer models (GPTs) leverage this architecture at tremendous scale: they are trained on billions of sentences from the internet, books, and other sources, so they learn the statistical patterns of language. As the name suggests, a GPT model