Today: 11 November 2025
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Marcin Frąckiewicz

CEO of TS2 Space and founder of TS2.tech. Expert in satellites, telecommunications, and emerging technologies, covering trends in space, AI, and connectivity.

Pentagon’s Space Internet Nightmare: Why the Unified Satellite Network Keeps Stalling

Pentagon’s Space Internet Nightmare: Why the Unified Satellite Network Keeps Stalling

The Pentagon aims to field a software-defined, multi-layer Enterprise SATCOM network that seamlessly routes data across DoD, allied, and commercial satellites in LEO, MEO, and GEO to support Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2). In 2020 the Space Force and DoD CIO committed to the shift, with the SDA launching the National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA), later renamed the Proliferated Warfighter Space Architecture (PWSA), to field hundreds of small satellites as a mesh-layer backbone. Interoperable Hybrid Terminals would allow a single device to talk to any authorized satellite by software, with the Air Force aiming to field its first multi-network
21 June 2025
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Lviv Real Estate Market 2025: Western Ukraine’s Property Boom in Residential, Commercial, Industrial & Land

Lviv Real Estate Market 2025: Western Ukraine’s Property Boom in Residential, Commercial, Industrial & Land

By March 2025, Lviv’s primary market apartments averaged $1,330 per square meter, the highest in Ukraine, up 1.5% year-on-year and up 66% since March 2021. In the secondary market, the average asking price for a one-bedroom resale apartment in Lviv is about $65,000, slightly higher than Kyiv’s about $63,000. As of March 2025, average rents for a one-bedroom in Lviv are around ₴16,700 per month (~$403), up about 10% year on year, with two-bedroom units rising roughly 16%. Lviv’s gross residential yield was around 7.6% in early 2025, higher than many markets and the national average of about 7.4% (Kyiv’s
21 June 2025
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Ukraine’s Real Estate 2025: War Reshapes Markets with Surging Rents, High Yields & Rebuilding Hopes

Ukraine’s Real Estate 2025: War Reshapes Markets with Surging Rents, High Yields & Rebuilding Hopes

In late 2024, Ukraine’s new-build housing prices rose 15.72% year-on-year, about 3.3% after inflation. Resale prices increased 11.9% year-on-year, essentially flat in real terms. As of early 2025, western cities like Lviv at about $1,330 per square meter and Kyiv at about $1,280 per square meter lead new-build prices, while Kharkiv sits around $670 per square meter, down 10.7%. The rental market yields are high, with national gross yields around 7.4%, and Dnipro ~10.4%, Kyiv ~8.1%, Lviv ~7.6%, Odesa ~5.9%, and Kharkiv ~5.3%. Industrial/warehouse real estate has been a bright spot, with about 987,000 m² of new space commissioned in
21 June 2025
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Kraków Real Estate Market 2025 – Comprehensive Report

Kraków Real Estate Market 2025 – Comprehensive Report

In 2025 Kraków’s real estate market remains robust with high demand across residential, commercial, and industrial segments, after 2024 saw price growth slow to single digits following earlier double-digit spikes. Residential prices surged in early 2024 to about 14,600 PLN/m² for transactions, with asking prices around 16,000–17,000 PLN/m² and Q2 2024 offers averaging 16,816 PLN/m² against 14,585 PLN/m² closed. Gross residential yields are around 5% in Kraków, with city-center rents typically 50–70 PLN/m² and a 50 m² flat renting 2,500–3,500 PLN per month. Office market end-2024 stock reached 1.83 million m², with a 19.0% vacancy in Q4 2024 and 267,000
21 June 2025
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Poland Real Estate Market 2025: Trends, Prices, Yields and Outlook

Poland Real Estate Market 2025: Trends, Prices, Yields and Outlook

In 2024 Poland’s commercial property investment volume exceeded €5 billion, rising about 142% year-on-year. In May 2025, the National Bank of Poland cut the reference rate to 5.25%, the first reduction since 2023. Bezpieczny Kredyt 2% boosted home loans in 2024 to PLN 83.9 billion, up 43.2% from 2023. In Q1 2025, Warsaw resale housing averaged 16,459 PLN/m² (+8.1% YoY) and new development averaged 16,383 PLN/m² (+3.1%). As of March 2025, rents were: Warsaw 4,906 PLN/month, Kraków 3,273, Wrocław 3,057, Tri-City 3,164, Poznań 2,564, and Łódź 2,191. Gross residential rental yields average 6.13% nationwide, with Bydgoszcz ~6.65%, Warsaw ~6.5%, and
21 June 2025
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Warsaw Real Estate Market 2025 –Comprehensive Report

Warsaw Real Estate Market 2025 –Comprehensive Report

In 2024 Poland’s total commercial property investment was about €4.5–5.0 billion, more than double 2023. Warsaw generates about 24% of Poland’s national GDP, underscoring its role as the country’s economic engine. Foreign capital dominated 2024’s commercial acquisitions, accounting for over 90% of investment. In Q1 2025, Warsaw’s average apartment price was around PLN 16,400 per m², roughly €3,500–€4,000 per m², with a typical city-center two-bedroom costing about €230,000–€350,000. Average monthly rents in early 2025 were about PLN 4,900 for a mid-sized Warsaw apartment, with gross yields around 6.5%. The Build-to-Rent segment comprises over 21,000 rental units across Poland, about 40%
20 June 2025
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Inside Israel’s Space Power: Satellites, Services, and the Secret Strength of the Israel Space Agency

Inside Israel’s Space Power: Satellites, Services, and the Secret Strength of the Israel Space Agency

On September 19, 1988, Ofek-1 became Israel’s first indigenous satellite, making Israel the eighth nation to orbit its own spacecraft. The Israel Space Agency (ISA) was established in 1983 under physicist Yuval Ne’eman to oversee Israel’s civilian space activities. The Shavit launch vehicle is a 20-meter-tall, three-stage solid-fuel rocket that can loft about 380 kg to a low Earth orbit when launching westward from Palmachim. The VENμS environmental satellite, launched in 2017 and operated through 2023, is a ~265 kg microsatellite built by Israel Aerospace Industries with France’s CNES to monitor vegetation and environmental parameters. AMOS-1, Israel’s first commercial telecom
20 June 2025
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Inside China’s Space Empire: Satellites, Services, and the Secret Power of CNSA

Inside China’s Space Empire: Satellites, Services, and the Secret Power of CNSA

The China National Space Administration (CNSA) was established in 1993 as China’s civil space authority. By the end of 2024, China operated more than 1,060 active satellites in orbit, a count that has grown more than six-fold since 2015. Chang’e-4 achieved the first landing on the Moon’s far side in 2019. Micius (Mozi), launched in 2016, became the world’s first quantum communications satellite enabling space-based quantum key distribution. BeiDou reached full global coverage with the final BDS-3 satellite launched in June 2020. The Guowang LEO megaconstellation targets about 13,000 satellites, with three batches launched by April 2025 and an initial
20 June 2025
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Iranian Satellites and Space Agency: Capabilities, Missions, and Strategic Vision

Iranian Satellites and Space Agency: Capabilities, Missions, and Strategic Vision

February 2009: Iran becomes the ninth country to launch an indigenous satellite with its own rocket, sending Omid into orbit on the Safir launcher. Khayyam (2022) is a 600 kg Earth-observation satellite with 1-meter resolution, built with Russian collaboration and launched by a Russian Soyuz to a ~500 km orbit. Noor-1, Iran’s first military satellite, was launched in April 2020 on the Qased rocket into a ~425 km orbit and weighed about 25 kg. Noor-2 (2022) followed Noor-1, about 27 kg, placed in a ~500 km LEO using the Qased launcher and remains in orbit. Noor-3 (2023) is the third
20 June 2025
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Space Showdown: How Military Satellites Are Shaping the Ukraine‑Russia War

Space Showdown: How Military Satellites Are Shaping the Ukraine‑Russia War

SpaceX deployed 5,000 Starlink terminals to Ukraine within days of the 2022 invasion, rising to about 15,000 active terminals by June 2022, with Ukraine at one point accounting for roughly 58% of global Starlink traffic. Russia attempted to jam Starlink signals on the battlefield, SpaceX rolled a software update to bypass the jamming, and by 2023–2024 reports noted illicit Starlink terminals in Russian hands that had to be disabled. On February 24, 2022, Russia launched a cyberattack against Viasat’s KA-SAT network that crippled thousands of Ukrainian modems and disrupted satellite links across Europe. In August 2022, Ukraine crowdfunded $20 million
20 June 2025
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Top 100 Most Important Operational Satellites in 2025

Top 100 Most Important Operational Satellites in 2025

Starlink Constellation (2019–present) by SpaceX comprises about 4,500 microsatellites in ~550 km LEO with Ku/Ka-band user links and laser crosslinks, enabling global internet including disaster response. James Webb Space Telescope (2021) features a 6.5 m segmented mirror and instruments NIRCam, NIRSpec, and MIRI, delivering the deepest infrared images of the universe including SMACS 0723 and exoplanet atmospheres. Gaia (2013) operates at the Sun–Earth L2 point to map ~2 billion stars with micro-arcsecond precision, with DR3 released in 2022 transforming stellar and galactic astronomy. Parker Solar Probe (2018) became the closest spacecraft to the Sun and the fastest human-made object, with
20 June 2025
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Jupiter Unveiled: Surprising Secrets of the Giant Planet and Its 95 Moons

Jupiter Unveiled: Surprising Secrets of the Giant Planet and Its 95 Moons

Jupiter is the Solar System’s largest planet, about 318 Earth masses, with a rotation period of roughly 9.9 hours per day. It is composed mainly of hydrogen and helium, with a metallic hydrogen layer that powers a strong magnetic field via a dynamo. The Great Red Spot is a storm at least 300–350 years old, about twice Earth’s diameter, whose roots extend roughly 300 miles (500 km) into the atmosphere. Jupiter’s magnetosphere extends 1–3 million kilometers toward the Sun and a tail over 600 million kilometers long, with a field 14–54 times stronger than Earth’s and new radiation zones near
20 June 2025
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