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Iran’s nuclear program has evolved from a U.S.-backed research initiative in the 1950s into one of the world’s most contentious proliferation challenges. Over seven decades, Iran has moved from peaceful nuclear cooperation under the Shah to a secretive post-revolution quest that alarmed the world. International negotiations, sanctions, and covert actions have punctuated this saga, as Tehran insists its aims are peaceful while other nations fear weapons ambitions. This comprehensive report explores the full historical development of Iran’s nuclear efforts – the key milestones, technical advances, international oversight, and geopolitical tug-of-war – from inception in the 1950s up to the latest developments in 2025. It examines how uranium enrichment and advanced centrifuges expanded Iran’s capabilities, how agencies like the IAEA have tried to monitor Tehran’s activities, and how major powers and Iran’s own domestic politics have shaped a high-stakes nuclear showdown.