EPA:EDF 17 June 2025 - 27 June 2026

Iran’s nuclear program has evolved from a U.S.-backed research initiative in the 1950s into one of the world’s most contentious proliferation challenges. Over seven decades, Iran has moved from peaceful nuclear cooperation under the Shah to a secretive post-revolution quest that alarmed the world. International negotiations, sanctions, and covert actions have punctuated this saga, as Tehran insists its aims are peaceful while other nations fear weapons ambitions. This comprehensive report explores the full historical development of Iran’s nuclear efforts – the key milestones, technical advances, international oversight, and geopolitical tug-of-war – from inception in the 1950s up to the latest developments in 2025. It examines how uranium enrichment and advanced centrifuges expanded Iran’s capabilities, how agencies like the IAEA have tried to monitor Tehran’s activities, and how major powers and Iran’s own domestic politics have shaped a high-stakes nuclear showdown. We begin with a timeline of major events and technical milestones, followed by detailed sections on technical aspects, international oversight, Iran’s objectives and treaties, diplomatic efforts, global reactions, sanctions impact, and the domestic political context. The report concludes with the most recent developments in Iran’s nuclear program.