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Technology 7 February 2025 - 10 March 2025

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Internet Access Services in Kazakhstan

Internet Access Services in Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan’s telecom market is dominated by a few large providers, led by the former state monopoly Kazakhtelecom. Kazakhtelecom accounts for roughly 60% of the telecom market by revenue​ ar2023.telecom.kz. It owns major stakes in mobile operators Kcell and Tele2/Altel, consolidating much of the market under its group. The chief competitor is Kar-Tel/Beeline Kazakhstan, which has about 28% market share by revenue​ ar2023.telecom.kz and is a leading mobile and broadband provider. Other ISPs include Transtelecom, KazTransCom, Astel, and a multitude of smaller operators, but together they hold a relatively small portion of the market. In terms of internet traffic share by autonomous networks, Kazakhtelecom is the largest, followed by the Beeline network, Tele2 Kazakhstan, and then Kcell​ pulse.internetsociety.org. This reflects an effective duopoly in the consumer market, with Kazakhtelecom and Beeline’s networks serving the vast majority of users. Competition has increased since market liberalization in the 2000s, but Kazakhtelecom still maintains dominance especially in fixed-line and broadband services​ en.wikipedia.org. Mobile services are slightly more competitive, split primarily between Kazakhtelecom’s subsidiaries and Beeline, with new smaller entrants just beginning to emerge​ budde.com.au.
10 March 2025
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Internet Access in Sudan

Internet Access in Sudan

Sudan’s internet infrastructure relies on a national fiber-optic backbone and international gateways centered at Port Sudan. The country is connected to several submarine cables, including the East Africa Submarine System and FLAG/FALCON networks, which land at the Red Sea coast​ en.wikipedia.org. Terrestrial fiber links extend to neighboring countries to route traffic regionally. However, fixed-line broadband infrastructure is limited and much of the population accesses the internet via wireless networks. Sudan maintains satellite earth stations for international connectivity as well​ en.wikipedia.org, but satellite links historically served mainly as backups or for remote areas.
25 February 2025
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Internet Access in Yemen: Overview and Key Aspects

Internet Access in Yemen: Overview and Key Aspects

Yemen’s internet infrastructure is limited and highly centralized. The backbone relies on a few aging international connections and an outdated domestic network. A single subsea cable – the FALCON/FLAG system landing at the Red Sea port of Hodeidah – carries most of Yemen’s bandwidth​ ukraine.wilsoncenter.org​ washingtoninstitute.org. In fact, almost all connectivity comes through this one aging cable, with only a narrow backup link via Djibouti and some expensive satellite links​ washingtoninstitute.org. During the civil war, land fiber links to Saudi Arabia were destroyed, leaving the country largely dependent on undersea cables​ washingtoninstitute.org. Internal infrastructure consists of microwave relays and limited fiber, with fixed-line broadband largely delivered via old DSL over copper telephone lines​ smex.org. This network has not seen significant upgrades during the conflict, resulting in very low bandwidth and reliability​ smex.org.
24 February 2025
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Internet Access in Iraq

Internet Access in Iraq

Iraq’s internet infrastructure has expanded significantly since the early 2000s, though much of the core network remains under government ownership. The Ministry of Communications controls the national fiber-optic backbone and international gateways, leasing bandwidth to private ISPs​ trade.gov. Iraq is connected via terrestrial fiber links to all six neighboring countries and to undersea cables like Gulf Bridge International, but overall capacity is still catching up to demand​ trade.gov. The state fixed-line network is in poor condition, with limited fiber-to-the-home projects concentrated in Baghdad​ trade.gov. As a result, most Iraqis access the internet through wireless means – either mobile networks, Wi-Fi at internet cafes, or local neighborhood Wi-Fi providers – since last-mile fixed broadband is not widely available​ trade.gov. These community-based networks share bandwidth leading to relatively low speeds per user​ trade.gov.
24 February 2025
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Internet Access in Afghanistan: A Comprehensive Overview

Internet Access in Afghanistan: A Comprehensive Overview

Afghanistan’s internet infrastructure is relatively underdeveloped, relying heavily on mobile networks and limited fixed broadband. After 2001, the country had to build its telecom network from scratch, as the previous Taliban regime had effectively banned the internet​ Wired. In the two decades that followed, mobile telecommunications saw rapid growth – rising from zero subscribers in 2001 to nearly a 100% mobile subscription penetration by 2021​ Businesswire. A nationwide fiber-optic backbone was being rolled out and even a 400 km cross-border fiber link to China was near completion in 2021​ Businesswire. However, the Taliban’s return to power in August 2021 stalled or halted many of these projects​ Businesswire​ Businesswire, casting uncertainty on the finalization of the fiber network.
24 February 2025
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Internet Access in Ukraine: Overview

Internet Access in Ukraine: Overview

Ukraine has a well-developed internet infrastructure with extensive fiber-optic networks and numerous providers. Thousands of Internet Service Providers operate in Ukraine, from national telecoms to small local companies. In fact, over 4,200 ISPs were registered as of August 2024​ interfax.com, reflecting a highly competitive market. The largest providers hold relatively small market shares – for example, Kyivstar’s network leads with about 19% of the market, followed by Vodafone Ukraine with ~9% and Lifecell with ~5%​ pulse.internetsociety.org. The state-run Ukrtelecom and various regional fiber operators also serve significant user bases, but no single company dominates nationally​ pulse.internetsociety.org. This diverse provider landscape has kept internet access competitive and affordable for consumers, with the Internet Society rating Ukraine’s ISP market competitiveness as “excellent”​ pulse.internetsociety.org.
24 February 2025
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Internet Access in Mozambique

Internet Access in Mozambique

Mozambique’s internet infrastructure is still developing and heavily reliant on mobile networks. Fixed-line broadband penetration is minimal, with the state-owned Telecomunicações de Moçambique being the only operator offering integrated fixed-line services​ trade.gov. The country is primarily served by three mobile network providers:
23 February 2025
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Internet Access in Libya: A Comprehensive Overview

Internet Access in Libya: A Comprehensive Overview

Libya’s internet infrastructure is recovering and evolving after years of conflict. Under Muammar Gaddafi’s regime, the telecom sector was entirely state-controlled and private competition was virtually nonexistent​ mondaq.com. The primary telecommunications holding is the Libyan Post, Telecommunication and Information Technology Company, which oversees key state-owned providers​ libyareview.com. Major service providers include:
16 February 2025
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Internet Access in China

Internet Access in China

China’s internet landscape is characterized by massive scale, state-controlled infrastructure, and strict governance. With over a billion users online, China hosts the world’s largest internet community, but this access comes with significant restrictions and a parallel digital ecosystem separate from the global internet. Below is an overview of key aspects of internet access in China, from infrastructure and service providers to censorship policies and emerging trends.
10 February 2025
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Internet Access in Syria

Internet Access in Syria

Syria was relatively late in opening internet access to the public. An internet connection was established in the country by 1997, but for years Syria was the only connected Middle Eastern country that did not allow general public access Hrw. In the late 1990s, only government institutions and a few individuals could get online Hrw. This cautious rollout reflected official policy: the regime under President Hafez al-Assad took a “go-slow” approach, fearing the free flow of information. All media in Syria were tightly controlled, and officials were wary that the internet could enable dissent Hrw. Even Bashar al-Assad advocated for expanding internet access, but security services resisted due to concerns over “making it safe” for a traditional society Hrw. Public internet access only truly began around 2000, shortly after Bashar al-Assad took power Thenetmonitor.
7 February 2025
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